Communicable Disease Essay

Communicable diseases, also known as infectious diseases or transmissible diseases, be illnesses that result from the infection, presence and growth of pathogenic (capable of causing disease) biologic agents in an individual human or other animal host. Infections may range in severity from asymptomatic (with out symptoms) to severe and fatal. The term infection does non have the same meaning as infectious disease because some infections do non cause illness in a host. indisposition causing biologic agents include viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multi-cellular parasites, and aberrant proteins known as prions. Transmission of these biologic agents pile occur in a variety of miens, including direct physical bear upon with an infectious person, consuming contaminated sustenances or beverages, contact with contaminated body grippeids, contact with contaminated inanimate objects, billetborne (inhalation), or being bitten by an infected insect or tick. Some disease agents q uite a little be transmitted from animals to humans, and some of these agents can be transmitted in more than one way.Non-Communicable DiseaseA non-communicable disease, or NCD, is a checkup condition or disease, which by definition is non-infectious and non-transmissible among hatful.TuberculosisSigns and SymptomsA bad cough up that lasts 3 weeks or longer. distress in the chest.Coughing up slant or sputum (phlegm from deep inside the lungs) Weakness or fatigue.Weight spillage.No appetite.Chills. febricity.CausesTuberculosis is caused by bacteria that gap from person to person through microscopic droplets released into the air. This can happen when someonewith the untreated, alive(p) form of tuberculosis coughs, speaks, sneezes, spits, laughs or sings. Although tuberculosis is contagious, its not easy to catch. Youre much more likely to get tuberculosis from someone you live with or work with than from a stranger. Most people with spry TB whove had appropriate drug treatmen t for at least two weeks atomic number 18 no longer contagious.Pr change surfacetionIf you test positive for latent TB infection, your doctor may advise you to take medications to reduce your risk of developing active tuberculosis. The only type of tuberculosis that is contagious is the active variety, when it affects the lungs. So if you can foil your latent tuberculosis from becoming active, you wont transmit tuberculosis to anyone else.MeaslesSigns and SymptomsA high temperature, cranky eyes (conjunctivitis), and a mobile nose usu everyy occur first. Small white spots usually develop inside the mouth a day or so later. A harsh dry cough is usual.Going off food, tiredness, and aches and pains are usual.CausesMeasles is caused by a virus. It is unfold when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or shares food or drinks. The measles virus can travel through the air. This means that you can get measles if you are near someone who has the virus even if that person doesnt cough or sn eeze directly on you legal professionMeasles vaccination has markedly reduced the relative incidence of measles passim the developed world. However, measles cases still occur in low-incidence countries via importation by travelers. Therefore, maintenance of immunity is important even in countries with a low incidence of measles, since a single imported case can result in large measles outbreaks in the setting of waning immunity.Chicken PoxSigns and SymptomsFever (temperature), aches and fear often start a day or so before a rash appears. Rash. Spots appear in crops. They develop into minute blisters and are itchy. They can be anywhere on the body. Several crops may develop over several days. Dry cough and sore throat are crude.CausesChickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus. You catch it by coming into contact with someone who is infected with the virus. Its a very contagious infection. About 90% of people who have not previously had chickenpox will become infected wh en they come into contact with the virus.PreventionThe chickenpox (varicella) vaccinum is the best way to stop chickenpox.Typhoid FeverSigns and Symptoms febrility that can reach as high as 104F (40C)feeling achy, tired, or weak.constipation.diarrhea.headache.stomach pain and loss of appetite.sore throat.CausesTyphoid fever is an acute illness associated with fever caused by the Salmonella typhi bacteria. It can also be caused by Salmonella paratyphi, a related bacterium that usually causes a less severe illness. The bacteria are deposited in water or food by a human carrier and are then spread to other people in the area.PreventionPreventing typhoid fever is to get vaccinated against the illness. Twovaccines are available a cracking that contains killed Salmonella typhi bacteria and a vaccine taken by mouth containing a live but weakened strain of the bacteria. Avoiding risky foods and beverages (especially when traveling in the developing world) is another way to reduce your r isk.MUMPSSigns and SymptomsFever.Headache.Muscle aches.Tiredness.Loss of appetite.Swollen and tender salivary glands under the ears on one or both sides (parotitis)CausesThe mumps are caused by a virus called the paramyxovirus. Its spread from one child to another through direct contact with discharge from the nose and throat. Infected droplets in the air from a sneeze or close conversation can be inhaled and may cause infection.PreventionUse of mumps vaccine (usually administered in measles-mumps-rubella MMR or measles-mumps-rubella-varicella MMRV vaccines) is the best way to prevent mumps. Children should be given the first dose of mumpsvaccine soon later their first birthday (12 to 15 months of age).HepatitisSigns and Symptomsfatigue. grippe-like symptoms.dark urine.pale-colored stool.abdominal pain.loss of appetite.unexplained weight loss.yellow skin and eyes (may be signs of jaundice)CausesHepatitis can be caused by liver damage from excessive alcohol consumption. This is some times referred to as alcoholic hepatitis. The alcohol causes the liver to swell and become inflamed. Other toxic causesinclude overuse of medication or exposure to poisons.Autoimmune Disease.PreventionThe hepatitis A vaccine can prevent infection with the virus. The hepatitis A vaccine is typically given in two doses initial vaccination followed by a booster shot six months later. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the following individuals receive a hepatitis A vaccine MalariaSigns and SymptomsFever.Chills.Headache.Sweats.Fatigue.Nausea and vomiting.CausesMalaria is caused by the plasmodium parasite. The parasite can be spread to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes.PreventionMalaria can often be avoided using the ABCD approach to prevention which stands for Awareness of risk find out whether you are at risk of getting malaria. Bite prevention avoid mosquito bites by using insect repellent, covering your arms and legs and using a mosquito net. tink whether you need to take malaria prevention tablets if you do, make sure you take the right antimalarial tablets at the right dose, and finish the course. Diagnosis seek immediate medical advice if you have malaria symptoms, including up to a year after you return from travelling.Whooping CoughSigns and Symptomsrunny nose.sneezing.mild cough.low-grade fever.CausesWhooping cough is caused by an infection with a bacterium known as Bordetella pertussis. The bacteria attach to the lining of the airways in the upper respiratory system and release toxins that lead to inflammation and swelling.PreventionPreventing whooping cough. In the UK, whooping cough is now rare due to successful vaccination against it. The 5-in-1 vaccine. The whoopingcough vaccine is given as part of the 5-in-1 vaccine (DTaP/IPV/Hib), which also protects against diphtheria, tetanus, polio and Hib (haemophilus influenzae type b).DysenterySigns and Symptomsnausea.vomiting.abdominal pain.fever and chills.CausesBac terial infections are by far the most plebeian causes of dysentery. These infections include Shigella,Campylobacter, E. coli, and Salmonella species of bacteria.PreventionWashing ones hands after using the toilet, after contact with an infected person, and regularly throughout the day Washing ones hands before handling, cooking and eating food, handling babies, and feeding unripe or elderly people Keeping contact with someone known to have dysentery to a minimumTetanusSigns and SymptomsHeadache.Jaw cramping.Sudden, involuntary muscle change often in the stomach (muscle spasms) Painful muscle stiffness all over the body.Trouble swallowing.Jerking or staring (seizures)Fever and sweating.High subscriber line pressure and fast(a) heart rate.CausesTetanus is a condition caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, a cousin of the bacteria that cause gangrene and botulism.PreventionYou can easily prevent tetanus by being immunized against the toxin. Almost all cases of tetanus occur in people whove never been immunized or who havent had a tetanus booster shot within the preceding 10 years.FluSigns and SymptomsA 100oF or higher fever or feeling feverish (not everyone with the flu has a fever) A cough and/or sore throat.A runny or stuffy nose.Headaches and/or body aches.Chills.Fatigue.CausesThe flu is actually very different from a cold. While more than 100 different viruses can cause a cold, only influenza virus types A, B, and C cause theflu. Type A and B viruses are responsible for the large flu epidemics. Type C flu virus is more stable and usually causes milder respiratory symptoms.PreventionIf you are healthy but exposed to a person with the flu, antiviral drugs can prevent you from getting sick. The sooner you are treated with an antiviral, the more likely it will prevent the flu. Antiviral drugs are 70% to 90% effective at preventing the flu.enteric ParasiteSigns and SymptomsAbdominal pain.Diarrhea.Nausea or vomiting.Gas or bloating.Dysentery (loose stools containing blood and mucus)Rash or itching around the rectum or vulva.Stomach pain or tenderness.CausesIntestinal parasites are usually transmitted when someone comes in contact with infected feces (for example, through contaminated soil, food, or water). In the U.S., the most common protozoa are giardia and cryptosporidium. Parasites can live within the intestines for years without causing any symptoms.Common ColdSigns and SymptomsSore throat.Mucus buildup in your nose.Difficulty animate through your nose.Swelling of your sinuses.Sneezing.Cough.Headache.Tiredness.CausesThe common cold is a self-limited contagious illness that can be caused by a number of different types of viruses. The common cold is medically referred to as a viral upper respiratory tract infection. Symptoms of thecommon cold may include cough, sore throat, nasal congestion, runny nose, and sneezing.PreventionNo vaccine has been developed for the common cold, which can be cause d by many different viruses. But you can take some common-sense precautions to slow the spread of cold virusesPneumoniaSigns and SymptomsNausea/vomitingRapid breathing.Rapid heartbeat.Shaking chillsCausesBacteria-like organisms, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which typically produce milder signs and symptoms than do other types of pneumonia. Bacteria, such as streptococci pneumoniae.PreventionGet a flu shot every year to prevent seasonal influenza. The flu is a common cause of pneumonia, so preventing the flu is a good way to prevent pneumonia Get vaccinated against pneumococcal pneumonia if you are at highrisk of getting this type of pneumonia.HypertensionSigns and SymptomsCausesA stroke is an interruption of the blood supply to any part of the brain because a blood vessel is blocked by a clot or burst open. A stroke is sometimes called a brain attack.PreventionA heart-healthy lifestyle can help you prevent high blood pressure. These changes are especially important for people who have risk factors for high blood pressure that cannot be changed, including family history, race, or age.AnemiaSigns and SymptomsFatigue.Pale skin.A fast or irregular heartbeat.Shortness of breath.Chest pain.Dizziness.Cognitive problems.Cold hands and feet.CausesIron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by a shortage of the element iron in your body. Vitamin deficiency anemias. Anemia of chronic disease. Aplastic anemia. Anemias associated with bone marrow disease. Hemolytic anemias. Sickle cell anemia.PreventionMany types of anemia cant be prevented. However, you can help avoid iron deficiency anemia and vitamin deficiency anemias by choosing a diet that includes a variety of vitamins and nutrients asthma attackSigns and SymptomsFrequent cough, especially at night.Losing your breath easily or shortness of breath.Feeling very tired or weak when exercising.Wheezing or spit up after exercise.Feeling tired, easily upset, grouchy, or moody.Decreases or changes in lung function as measured on a peak flow meter.CausesAsthma motivates are different from person to person and can include Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, mold, cockroaches and dust mites. Respiratory infections, such as the common cold. bodily activity (exercise-induced asthma)Cold air.Air pollutants and irritants, such as smoke.PreventionYou need to know how to prevent or minimize future asthma attacks. If your asthma attacks are triggered by an allergic reaction, avoid your triggers as much as possible. Keep taking your asthma medications after you are discharged. This is extremely important.MigraineSigns and Symptomsa headache that lasts anything from four up to 72 hours.pulsating or throbbing pain, often just on one side of your head. a headache that gets worse when youre active or stops you from being active. feeling sick or vomiting.increased sensitivity to light and noise.CausesHormonal changes in women. Fluctuations in estrogen seem to trigger headaches in ma ny women with known migraines. Foods. Aged cheeses, salty foods and processed foods may trigger migraines. Food additives. Drinks. Stress. Sensory stimuli. Changes in wake-sleep pattern. Physical factors.PreventionNot all migraine headaches can be prevented. However, identifying your headache triggers can help to reduce the frequency and severity of migraine attacks.CardiovascularSigns and SymptomsChest pain (angina)Shortness of breath.Pain, numbness, flunk or coldness in your legs or arms, if the blood vessels in those parts of your body are narrowed.CausesAtherosclerosis is also the most common cause of cardiovasculardisease, and its often caused by an unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, being overweight and smoking. All of these are major risk factors for developing atherosclerosis and, in turn, cardiovascular disease.