Buffalo Soldiers :: Blacks Slavery History West Papers

Buffalo Soldiers When someone thinks of the west the first things that probably come to their mind are probably Cowboys, Indians, Gunfights and The Gold Rush. Little to no slew think of blacks and their contribution to the expansion of the west. This is due to the position that even though the west was considered free territory blacks were still enslaved tot a certain extent. What state have to realize is that slavery is more mental than anything. Blacks made contributions in many areas of the west on the ranch, in wars, and also in commerce. In this piece of music I plan to bring to light a majority of the many contributions that blacks made to help make the American west what it is today. Many people expand the misconception that the west was only founded and established on the accomplishments of Caucasians. This is primarily because during the time of the expansion of the west blacks were still looked down upon so eve if they made a big contribution they were not given credi t for it. Blacks gave many great contributions to the west, which aided in the success of the founding of that particular part of America and its history. During the time bound of 1863 approximately 3,120,000 slaves were freed (Blacks in the west pg. 55) Due to this large influx of free slaves many of them needed somewhere to go and jobs to do. So many of the decided to go to the west were they would be able to receive a new chance and new identities. Black families coming wets in covered wagons established self sufficient all black towns and filed every job from barber, to teacher, doctor to state legislator. This went to show many people that there stereotype of blacks that they were dumb and less human was super incorrect. But the main contributions that I will be focusing on will be that of Black Cowboys and the buffalo Soldiers. When one thinks of the cowboys the first thing that comes to their mind, or at least my mind would be a white man riding in the open parries of the West. But in many cases that was extremely untrue. closely a third of all cowboys who helped build the American west were black (Black Pioneers Pg.16). Many people do not know about this due to segregation. in general if not only white cowboys were given recognition due to the fact that slavery had just ended and many people were getting use to the fact that blacks were free and equal to them.

The Glen Ridge Rape :: essays research papers

Bernard Lefkowitzs Our Guys raises a lot of issues, all of which have been discussed through pop this semester.Just a few pages into the book, words had already begun to jump out at me, capturing my attention. The kids in Newark, black and brown, speaking Spanglish, hoods over their heads, wheeling their stolen cars over to the local chop shop -- they were aliens in America. Strange, forever separate and separated from the American ideal. But these Glen Ridge kids, they were pure gold, every mothers dream, every fathers pride. They were not only Glen Ridges finest, but in their perfection they belonged to all of us. They were Our Guys (page 7). This is a story about White Privilege, I thought. After reading the next two pages, I changed my mind. ...I wanted to understand how their office as young athlete celebrities in Glen Ridge influenced their treatment of girls and women, vocalismicularly those of their age.....I was especially curious about what license they were permitted as a clique of respect athletes and how that magnified the sense of superiority they felt as individuals (pages 8-9). Oh This is a story about jock culture, I thought.I had only touched the surface. Later on, I realized Our Guys was about jock culture and white privilege...as well as rape cultures and patriarchy, male privilege and compulsory heterosexuality, pornography, accountability and blame the victim. All of these issues were part of this, a real life story, a real rape.Reading the story of the Glen Ridge Rape, I was able to make observations and draw conclusions that Ridgers who lived inside their glass bubbles werent able to make. They didnt realize what type of things they were teaching their children. Morals and values are instilled into a person at a very early age. It can dismay at birth. Males of Glen Ridge were taught that they had power and were expected to do certain things. In their youth sons were permitted and even expected to raise a little hell. There was a boy s-will-be-boys attitude that went back to the nineteen fifties....Boys were supposed to be vigorous, assertive, competitive they were expected to test the boundaries of behavior within clearly established limits (page 63). This is what boys learned at such an early age. Many of them grew up in male dominant families. Patriarchy was practiced in many homes. Male influence made it knockout for most of them to establish strong relationships with or learn to appreciate members of the opposite sex.

The Stolen Child by W.B. Yeats Essay -- Stolen Child Poem Yeats Essays

The Stolen Child by W.B. YeatsThe Stolen Child, a poem by W.B. Yeats, suffer be analyzed on several levels. The poem is about a group of faeries that lure a child away from his home to the waters and the wild(chorus). On a more primary level the reader can see connections made between the faery world and freedom as well as a societal return to innocence. On a deeper and here and now level the reader can infer Yeats desire to see a unified Ireland of simpler times. The poem uses vivid imagery to establish both levels and leaves room for brusk interpretation especially with the contradictory last stanza.Nature and the land of the faeries present images of freedom throughout the first ternary stanzas. There lies a leafy island(Stanza 1, outline 3) where the faeries live, which is presumably far away from the world of pain and weeping(chorus) that is reality. The image of an island is used to represent separation from the real world and the freedom that it creates for the faeries. I n the arcminute stanza the faeries are mingling hands and glances(Stanza 2, line 6) and leaping to and fro(Stanza 2, Line 8) presenting an image of youth and lack of restrictions. The faeries call the child away to the waters and the wild(chorus) in the chorus. Yeats use of the image water is symbolic of free flowing life. The wild represents the faeries ability to live a life unrestricted by society.The first three stanzas have strong Celtic references that lead the reader to be...

Financial Services Essay -- Industry Body Finances Essays

Financial ServicesIntroduction to Financial Services1.0Financial Services is a growing industry, which provides for the financial ask of individual consumers and businesses. This unitexplores the needs of and products available for both the consumersand businesses. The term financial service covers a wide range ofproducts including accounts for depositing money, loans, savings andinvestments, pension and financial advice.Financial Services for individual consumers ar available from banks,building societies and also from organizations such as supermarketsand insurance companies, over the counter, by telephone or over theInternet.Businesses have financial needs when they instigate up, expand and carryon day-to-day business activities. These needs include financing,insurance, bookkeeping, payment services, investment and generalfinancial advice. A variety of financial institutions basis providethese services banks, insurance and investment companies and firms ofaccountants.In this a ssignment I allow for produce a report which analyses thefinancial needs of three variant signs of customers and investigatethe ways in which these needs can be satisfied by a range of financialservice providers. Two of the customers are individualised customers ofcontrasting types. In this case I will be talking about a graduatefrom university and parents of two children. I will estimate their credibly expenditure and income in the variety show of a personal budget.In the 2nd task I will recommend how those needs can be met and fromwhich type of financial institution (an assessment of the cost,returns, risks and benefits of the products).To Business Studies Department of S.G.M Ref 1122From Demet Gocer Date 02/11/04Title Analysis of financial needs of a graduate from university and amarried couple both employed with children.1.0 Terms of ReferenceOn Monday 7th September 2004 , I was asked to write a report onfinancial services by the business studies department. This report is written by Demet Gocer, and is based on an analysis of two customers,and an estimate of their likely income and expenditure, in a form of acash-flow forecast, and an assessment of their financial needs, I alsoneed to identify the financial service needs of a business, andexplaining how the size of an organization can be a signi... ...eeds to be changed or withdrawn.Supply of goods and services actThis act involves the supply of services, including those for thesupply of financial services. The following are included in the produce- The services will be performed with level-headed care- The work will be done within a reasonable time- A reasonable charge will be madeReasons for legislations In general terms legislation in this area isintended to- Protect those with weaker bargaining power, e.g. employees in a large firm or small firms negotiating with a large powerful trade union- Ensure that all UK firms meet the needs of customers in a cost effective way which will lead to inte rnational competitivenessThere are plenty of regulations and laws that aim to protect thepublic when they are purchase or using financial products or services,they are mostly formulated by particular industry bodies, an industrybody is not a political sympathies regulator, but a group which representssimilar kinds of business (e.g banks, or mortgage lenders) Thereforecustomers know that if they deal with a business that is a member ofthat body, they will be treated in a particular way.

Hamlet: Act V-scene 2 - The Climax :: essays research papers

Hamlet Act V-Scene 2 - The ClimaxIn Act V-Scene 2, as the run across begins with Hamlet fill in the detail of whathappened to him since he left Denmark, Hamlet concedes that t here(predicate) was a kind offighting in his heart. But clearly his inner struggle has been manifested fromthe time of his first appearance in this play. Now it is to hear no moreexpression of self-approach or doubts that he will correspond positively againstClaudius. What is impressive is his decisiveness. He is able to formulate aplan and to execute it without delay. He has found mans wisdom, or reason, tohave its limitation fortune, accident, chance - conjure it that what it will andcan determine the course of events, as his own experience aboard the ship proves.He was able to find in the dark the care for his own death by chance, hehad in his possession his fathers signet for sealing the forged document. Noless by chance, the pirates proved kind and, for sufficient compensation, theyreturned him to De nmark.throughout the play, after we have itemized Claudius major crimes, thePrince does not receive an answer to his question, one which is basic to hisstatus as a moral symbol in the play- ist not perfect conscience,To quit him with this arm? And ist not to be damnd,To let this canker of out nature comeIn further evil?It has been seen here a Hamlet who is still in doubt, still troubled by hisconscience and his view should not be ignored, if only be grounds it illustratesonce more the difficulties of interpretation. integrity may argue that there is noneed for Horatio to answer Hamlets question since he has already expressed deepshock at the latest march of Claudius villainy. So the Hamlet in this mental picturehas resolved all doubts there is no longer a kinda of fighting in his heart.As the scene progress, Horatio reminds Hamlet that Claudius is sure tolearn soon what has happened to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, Hamlets replyshows him to be controlled and confident. Now he exp ressed regret that he hadso forgot himself as to offend Laertes, stating that he sees the image of hisown cause in that of Ophelias brother. Probably no more is intended thatHamlet makes reference to the fact that both have endured great losses, forHamlets cause transcends the personal or domestic, involving as it does thewelfare of the State. The Princes determination to win back the goodwill ofLaertes make understandable his prompt agreement to participate in the fence

Hamlet: Act V-scene 2 - The Climax :: essays research papers

crossroads Act V-Scene 2 - The ClimaxIn Act V-Scene 2, as the crook begins with Hamlet fill in the detail of whathappened to him since he left Denmark, Hamlet concedes that there was a kind offighting in his heart. But clearly his knowledgeable struggle has been manifested fromthe time of his first appearance in this play. Now it is to hear no moreexpression of self-approach or doubts that he allow act positively againstClaudius. What is impressive is his decisiveness. He is able to formulate aplan and to execute it without delay. He has found mans wisdom, or reason, tohave its limitation fortune, accident, chance - call it that what it will andcan determine the course of events, as his admit experience aboard the ship proves.He was able to find in the dark the commission for his own death by chance, hehad in his possession his fathers signet for sealing the forged document. Noless by chance, the pirates proved kind and, for sufficient compensation, theyreturned him to Denmark.T hroughout the play, after(prenominal) we have itemized Claudius major crimes, thePrince does non receive an answer to his question, one which is basic to hisstatus as a moral symbol in the play- ist not perfect conscience,To quit him with this arm? And ist not to be damnd,To let this canker of out nature comeIn further evil?It has been seen here a Hamlet who is still in doubt, still troubled by hisconscience and his view should not be ignored, if only because it illustratesonce more the difficulties of interpretation. One whitethorn argue that there is noneed for Horatio to answer Hamlets question since he has already expressed deepshock at the latest evidence of Claudius villainy. So the Hamlet in this scenehas resolved all doubts there is no longer a kinda of fighting in his heart.As the scene progress, Horatio reminds Hamlet that Claudius is sure tolearn soon what has happened to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, Hamlets replyshows him to be controlled and confident. Now he express ed regret that he hadso forgot himself as to offend Laertes, stating that he sees the attend of hisown cause in that of Ophelias brother. Probably no more is intended thatHamlet makes reference to the fact that both have endured great losses, forHamlets cause transcends the private or domestic, involving as it does thewelfare of the State. The Princes determination to win back the goodwill ofLaertes make understandable his prompt agreement to participate in the fencing

Macro-Environment Analysis of Italy and 12 C Frameworks

Executive summary The assignment starts with an introduction and Macro- surroundings analysis of Italy and 12 C frameworks. Macro milieu is based on sparing performers, social cultural forces, political and technological things that affect the organisation inside. It is great for a keep company to identify the practicable political risk s in the boorish. Political risk is based on changes in the political environment that may clear a direct stupor on condescension.The political factors relieve oneself influence on the taxation that the vocation has to paid, the currency of the farming and the demarcation procedures that take in to be carried out in tack together to be able to open a origin in Italy. The economic factors argon indicative of the economic stability of the surface area and ar based on the GDP, the global rank of doing business, the influence of tourism. The social environment includes the cultural differences amongst Italy and the US and is based on people behaviour, the capacity to pay and the employment enlisting process.The report cross-files that people get under ones skin changed their habits and life style to lower-cost activities as a result of the recession. The technology factors describe the advantages of using e merchandiseing. The wearing app atomic number 18l/ coiffure market is analysed. This is an big factor as it shows who the of import leaders in the market atomic number 18. Porter Five Forces Module encourages to identify the challenger based on potential drop entrants, buyers top executive, substitutes, suppliers and competitive rivalry. The second disunite describes the principal ch totallyenges that the Italian market presents to the company in selling its crossroads.The third part is about the possible launching staff for Forever 21. The entry staff is often selected according to the organisational development. The final part is about the selling mix and the elements that Forever 21 needs to adapt to. inclining of contents page Executive summary 2 List of contents 3 Introduction 4Geographical area 4 Political factors 4-5 Economic factors 5-6 Social environment factors 7 Technologies factors 8-9 Foster five forces 9 Task 2 9-10 Task 3 Module entry 10-11 Task 4 Marketing mix 10-11 Bibliography 12-13 accessory 1 Starting a business in Italy 14 Appendix 2 Business procedures 14 Appendix 3 Country comparison 14 Graph 1 Europe retail industry segment 2009 14 Graph 2 Italy Apparel industry 15 Appendix 4 Hofsteade faculty of culture 15 Appendix 5 Advertising media in Italy 16 Introduction Forever 21 is a room sponsor which is aimed at the 16-to 35-year-olds. The arse customers are the teenagers and the young adults. The company is specialised in the sell of garment, footwear and accessories for women. Forever 21 is looking to open a store in Italy.To be able to do this it needs to analyse the Italian market. The physical exercise of macro environment ana lysis and 12 C framework will help the business decide whether or not to open a store there. Geographical area Italy has an important geo-political location. It is situated in South-Central Europe. To the North it borders with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia, which authority undemanding access in terms of doing business with these countries. It is a member of Europe Union (BBC article country profile 2011). Forever 21 lot use ship vessels or air transportation to transfer their products to Italy. Political factors The Prime Minister of the country is Silvio Berlusconi.The current government of Silvio Berlusconi has a majority in Parliament, which makes it possible for him to carry out a number of reform measures and make the main decisions for the country (Data Monitor 2011). Developing close ties with theUS The Italian government has been co-operating with the US in the formulation of defense, security and peace-keeping policies. This shows that these two countries enj oy ripe relations. This is an advantage for Forever 21 because this company originally came from the US , so that it shouldnt be a problem for an US Company to open a store in Italy. Currency The currency that is employ in Italy is the Euro.This mean as that it wouldnt be trying for the company to exchange US dollars into Euros because Forever 21 has already had experience in this aspect in Dublin. There are divers(a) policies that need to be followed in order to sell uniform in Italy. The foreign investment laws of Italy are similar to those of other EU countries ( Datamonitor 2011). So it shouldnt be a problem for a foreign company from any of the EU member countries to operate a business there. Taxes VAT is another important factor that any business has to face. VAT is indirect taxation which is collected for the government by the seller who is able to add percentage to the basic price of the product.Italian value-added tax (VAT) is at a standard rate of 20% which is applied on the sales value of all goods (Economic Watch 2011). VAT is payable by all manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers and to the highest degree service and transport businesses. Contractual obligation These are the procedures that need to be observed in order to start a business in Italy. The normal commission that needs to be paid is a deposit of 25% of the amounts contributed in cash with a bank. The other thing is to pay a government grant tax to the post Office which costs 310 euro and finally register online with the Register of Enterp wage hikes. Appendix 1 shows that Italy is ranked on 68-th place in starting a business.Appendix 2 shows the business procedures, times and days that have to be observed. Economic factors Since 2008, the country has been under the influence of the global recession. The economic record shows a negative growth rate of -1%. The recession has had a negative impact on the country by declining exports and reducing consumer spending. In 2010, the thrift iness showed around signs of recovery based on the GDP growing at a rate of 0. 6 compared to -1% in 2008. In 2011, the economy expects to rise by 1 % ( Datamonitor 2011). Appendix 3 shows that Italy is ranked on 8-th place with relation to GDP. The Economy Set to Go from Worse to Bad. This means the economy doing rise, it has managed to recover aft(prenominal) the recession.Italy has been playing a significant image in the world economy and is one of the founding members of the EU community. It is the seventh largest economy in the world and the fourthly in Europe in terms of GDP, which stood at $1. 11 trillion in 2009 (Datamonitor 2011). This can serve as evidence that the country has a good economic stability. The World Economic Forum (WEF) and the Global Competitiveness Report for 2010/2011 ranked Italy 48th out of 139 countries. As a world seventh largest economy, turn up within the European Union, there is a strong competition for a market share in all Italian industries and service sectors. This means it could be difficult for Forever 21 to deal with the high competition.The World Banks Doing Business Report 2011 ranked Italy 80th out of 183 countries. This shows that there are good conditions for doing business there. The high ranking includes the legal environment for businesses and the easy way that a business may be formed and operated in the country. Tourim The countrys main economic sectors are tourism, fashion, motor vehicles and food. Tourism is one of the fastest growing and profitable sectors of the country with 43. 7million international tourer arrivals and total receipts estimated at $42. 7billion, Italy is the fourth highest tourism earner and the fifth most visited country in the world (BBC country report 2011). This makes tourism a big contributor to Italys economy.This intensive tourism is an advantage for Forever21 because tourists could be several(prenominal) of their customers, taking into consideration that lower-price items a re offered by the company. If the company attracts tourists as buyers, this will facilitate its habituality because more than people may hear about this tick off and thus make it easily recognised around the world. The Italian economy is separated into a developed industrial North, dominated by private companies and a less developed South. Italys northern region is the richest and one of the most costly in Europe, while the southern region is kn possess as the Mezzogiorno, where there is high unemployment. This means it may benefit the company if it opens a store in the southern parts.This will create job opportunities for unemployed people and the costs of operating the business should be less expensive in this area (World particular Book 2011). It is very important for a business to carefully choose the location because on it will depend how profitable and successful this business can be in future. Comparatively high tax The tax rates in Italy are very high. The local tax rat e is 3. 9%, this qualification the effective tax rate 31. 4% which is higher than the other EU countries where the average is 25. 04% ( Datamonitor 2011). This means that when the company opens a store in Italy it will have to pay higher taxes than in other EU countries. Social and environment factors CultureCulture has an important impact on how effectively the organisation operates and has an important implication as to employee motivation. Culture can differ from business to business. Failures can increase significantly when dealing with people whose values, beliefs, customs and first language are different from your own (Hoecklin 1995). However, if a company can manage amidst different cultural environments, this could lead to innovative business practices faster and provide tangible benefits which can be used competitively. It is important for Forever 21 to identify the cultural differences between the US and Italy in order to be successful with the business. Hofsteade 1995 mo dule helps to analyse the differences based onPower Distance, great Term Orientation, Individualism, Masculinity and question Avoidance. In Appendix 4, it is shown that the US have high rank on Individualism, which means that in a business eyeshot an organisation is not expected to look after its employees rather the employees are expected to defend their own interests. Italy has a high rank on Uncertainty avoidance, which means that Italians are less risk-taking people. These are some aspects that are specific for the Italian culture. The official language that is spoken there is Italian. It will be difficult to start a business in Italy if you wear upont know the Italian language (Hofsteade1984).According to Lewis analysis, the saying Time is money is not a popular phrase in Italy. They do not make business decisions quickly, they do take their time. All foreign businesses should be aware of the fact that it could take monthlong time before they come to a decision. Italy has developed a reputation for producing high forest luxury goods. Fashion and fashion designs are trademarks of Italy. Therefore, in the business world, good clothes are a signature of success (Hofsteade 1984). This is based on consumer behavior analysis. That brand loyalty exists is a fact. This shows that Forever21 clothes may not be very successful in the Italian market.However, the recession has affected the consumer habits, as the Italian economy has been slow to recover and the unemployment rate continued to rise from 6. 2% in 2007 to 8. 4% in 2010. Appendix 3 shows that the country takes the 98-th place in terms of high unemployment and that there is 1. 4% inflation. Opening a store there would create job opportunities. Capacity to pay Italians have adapted their habits and lifestyles to lower-cost activities during the economic downturn, which benefited supermarkets or hypermarkets (The World Fact Book 20110). In 2010, consumers became more price sensitive, in both the grocer y and non-grocery channels. This is an example of switching costs, it means consumers are able to transfer their customs to new players.Employment recruitment process Hiring employees in Italy must be taken into account before starting a business. You must enter into a contract under the Italian Labor lawfulness and employees enjoy extensive rights. If you buy an existing business, you may be required to take on existing staff who cannot be dismissed, otherwise high redundancy compensation have to be paid. Its very expensive to hire employees, because, in addition to salaries, you must pay an additional amount of around 50% in social security contributions, 13 and possibly 14 months salary, five or six weeks paid annual holiday, plus pay for public holidays, sickness, pregnancy (Datamonitor 2011).This shows that hiring employees in Italy will be more expensive than in the other EU countries in which Forever 21 has already opened stores. Technologies Internet retailing experienced the highest value growth of all retail channels in 2010. A significant proportion of sales shifted from store-based to Internet retailing. The main underlying background for this was that the Internet is still considered as a low-price retail channel, based on fact that Internet retailing enjoys the lowest travel and transport cost, and allows price comparisons between many competitors (Euromonitor 2010). The benefit of using e-marketing in selling goods and services online allows you to enter the global market and is saving you money in terms of overhead charges (Gaudin 2002).A strong designed website with friendly pages may persuade users. Forever 21. com is an example of a well designed web-site. It is divided into various sections, according to the items that the company sells, such as shoes, dresses, featured items, sales, accessories, etc. This makes it easy and quick for customers to consider what they are looking for (Forever21). Choices It is important for the company t o analyse the clothes market for this will help the business identify how risky it may be to open a store there. The retail industry includes all menswear, womens wear and children wear such as tops, underwear, coach, jeans, jackets, dresses and skirts for girls.Graph1 shows that Italy holds 17. 4% of the clothes market. This grants the country the second place in Europe in the retail industry, after Germany which has 19. 5%. The European apparel industry is an important economic factor, based on trade, employment, investment and revenue all over the world (Dtamonitor 2010). Concentration Market value Womens wear is the largest segment of the apparel retail industry in Italy, accounting for 54. 9% of the market value in comparison with mens wear, which has 31. 7% ( Datamoninor 2010) see Graph 2. This means women buy more clothes than men do. This is a good factor for Forever 21 because their products are not targeted at men.The retail industries in Italy have declined in 2008 and are expected to recover over 2011 (Datamonitor 2010 ). This is a result from the recession as consumers incomes fail, they have less money to spend on clothes than before. There will be a growing demand for discount apparel retail stores that provide low-cost output fashion. Porter five forces module can help identify the degree of competition based on potential entrants, buyers power, substitutes, suppliers and competitive rivalry. This analysis will reduce the risk of high competition by identifying the competitors strategies for the future. Forever21 can apply some of these strategies and use them in their own business. SuppliersKey suppliers in this industry are clothing manufacturers and wholesalers, with retailers able to source from both. There is a risk of choosing low chain supplier such as it may not be able to deal with changes in demand, industry, changing in fashion as well. Substitutes While there are no substitutes for womens wear, they are alternatives to retail. Th ese include buying directly from manufacturers as opposed to the conventional distribution chain, something which is facilitated by the growth of online sales. All major womens wear retailers now have their own online store so many people prefer to buy products online. This has change magnitude the buyers power on the market (Dunning 2008).This is a good factor because Forever 21 has their own website where people can shop online. Retail The retailer outline is based on price by providing low-cost products during the recession period. This is their strategy, to recognise the price sensitivity of their target customers and compete on price selling clothes as cheap as possible and as other suppliers. Buyers All buyers are individual consumers who have different styles and preferences. Buyer behaviour plays an important role for customer choice based on different factors such as home-made clothing, different colours, brand loyalty, price , designer label, quality, supply reliability, fashion, culture, believes, friends and family influence.Competitors These are some of the main players in the retail industries in Italy that will have a direct influence to Forever21 in terms of price, similar target listening and products. These companies also have their own web-sites where customers are able to shop online. These are famous brands companies that sell quality clothes for the young audience. H&M Strengths H&M is a retailer which is targeting its products at women, men, teenagers and children. The company offers national brands and private label merchandise in many categories, including cosmetics, accessories and footwear. H&M operated 1,738 stores in 33 countries in November 2008.H&M adopted the concept of regional grouping with purchases and distributes the merchandise to a region. Their strategies involved transferring the central design, buying, logistics and stock-keeping functions to the new company. The company also has its own web-site where customers are able to shop online, to see whats new in a store, compare prices, etc. Weaknesses There is a high competition as companies such as TopShop, Bershka and Terranova are famous brands that sell similar products on the Italian market and are based on fashion, quality price and the same target audience. The weaknesses for Forever 21 will be the same. Strengths Industria S. A. s created from various different companies, including Zara, Bershka, Pull and Bear, Massimo Dutti, Stradivarius. All of these companies have a similar culture. All of them are in the clothes industry. However, these companies dont have a direct competition between each other because their product style is differs from one another. Breshka clothes are cheap and their audience is the 16-to-25-year age group. Zara is more specialised in the young professionals group. Zara is present in 73 countries, with a network of 1,341 stores located in major cities. Bershka sales fix up has 626 stores in 41 countries. Bershka sto res are large and spacious. All of these companies produce quality clothes and follow the latest trends in fashion (Mintel 2011). Task 2The analysis of the retail clothes industry on Italy shows that it will be advantageous for the company to open a store there. The key elements of the research are the strong economic stability of the country, the high tourism, the technologies factors and the place that the Italian market for clothes occupies in Europe. The country has managed to recover from the big recession since 2008. This is an advantage for any foreign business that would like to invest in Italy. There are good conditions of doing business there. The market value shows that the women dominate in the clothes market. The women retail market has 61. 3% of the total market by selling clothes and accessories (Datamonitor 2010). There is a monopolistic competition within the clothes retailers.This means many firms sell products that are similar but not identical based on brand, qua lity, designer The environment factors show that consumers have adapted their lifestyle to discount retailers. It will be an advantage for the country to have a retailer of non-designer womens wear, especially for customers with lower disposable incomes. The good relations between the US and Italy also plays an important role for beginning a business in Italy. The Italian government has played an important role in the industry by attracting foreign investments to the country through low-barriers entry. It is said in the report that the government uses similar restrictions as are used in Europe.The Italian government welcomes foreign investments in most industries especially when they create jobs. All factors show that it will be challenging for the company to open a store in Italy and adapt to the Italian culture. save then, isnt doing a business a challenge in itself Task 3 Module entry internationalist Franchising is the possible module entry to Italy that is sequester for th e company based on all factors described in the report. The Franchising method will be easy to transfer to foreign locations. The licensing agreement and franchising agreement are put on formal contract with typical terms. Franchising is a method of distributing goods and services by licensing a business idea or concept to another. (Amerilawyer 2011) International Franchising is a faster form of international business. A firm sells limited rights to the use of its brand name to a foreign firm in chase away for a sum payment and share of 50% of the profits. There are a lot of advantages of using the franchise. The Franchise can grant a well know product and operating system, good reputation, support services and it can expand internationally. The Franchise will reduce the risk and cost of module entry and easier time securing financing because the Franchisor typically has an established trademark and good marketplace experience. These are the reasons why Forever 21 should take it into consideration.The franchise also involves some local market customs and culture from the host country (Griffin and Pustay 2010). However, there are some disadvantages of the franchising agreement such as the profit needs to be shared, there is dependence on the licensee as to how to sell the products including policies, potential loss of control of manufacturing and marketing. The Franchisor controls any advertising conducted by the Franchisee. Task 4 Marketing mix in The Marketing Mix includes Product, Price, Promotion and Place. In order to achieve their marketing objectives, Forever 21 needs to have a strategy that includes different elements the various parts of the marketing mix. ProductClothes normally have piddling life cycle based on seasonal factors and fashion. The brand is very successful and well know in the US. However, it will be new for the Italian market. It may take a long time for the company to create a strong brand name there. According to Lynch 1994, i t will take it at least five years to establish a brand and short-term reimbursement should not be expected. The brand is an important part of any business because this is the thing that makes the products different from the competitors and are easy to be recognised as a design and a way to an established product position in the market. This makes it easy to buy or sell products.A strong brand speaks about the function and charter of the product and helps consumers decide whether this is their kind of product, specially when new and untried products are considered. Creating brand loyalty and creating something special to consumers mind makes it difficult for the competitors to touch it (Brassington and Pettitt 2007). The Italian culture shows that quality plays an important part in the consumer behavior in Italy. It will be an advantage for the company to improve the quality of its products in the first stage and, on the next stage it may increase the price so that it may compete on the Italian market with other companies. Using sales adviser will be another advantage which could make more people prefer to go shopping in the Forever 21 stores. PricingPricing is an important part of the Marketing Mix because it is a balance between serving to customers needs and wants and serving the needs of the organisation to cover its costs of manufacturing, marketing and making a profit. The company is famous with the fact that it produces clothes that are not expensive and many people can throw them. The environment factors show that consumers in Italy are prepared to pay more but to wear quality clothes. The company has to come with pricing strategies to increase the price of the products and create violate quality or to keep the same as it is now. The choice of a launch price should take into account the future plans for the pricing and positioning of the product. sharpness pricing is one of the possible price strategies that Forever 21 may use.Penetration pricing i s used when entering a big market for a short period of time and then the organisation may price aggressively below the existing competition. However, this method could be a risky strategy because it could establish a poor quality brand image. The latter may lead to a situation where it will be difficult to raise the price (Brassington and Petitt 2007). The company may consider using 20% discounts for students because their target audience is based on young people. This will surely attract more customers. Promotion The power of the media has a big influence on building a brand. Brand advertising may increase the buyer power. These are some of the leading media groups in Italy Mediaset is one of the leading commercial television operators with 32. % of the Italian media Gruppo Editoriale LEspresso has 14. 0%. These companies are concentrated on publishing, radio, advertising, internet businesses and national television, newspapers and magazines (Datamonitor 2011). Appendix 5 shows th at people in Italy are more influenced by the TV adverts and newspapers. This means it will be a good idea if Forever 21 uses TV commercials to advertise the opening of the new store in Italy. However, this is the most expensive method and will cost a lot of money to the business. Using online advertising will help the company attract the right audience by using Face maintain, Yahoo and MSN because these web-pages are part of everyday life of the young people. PlaceThe company has to decide in which part of Italy it would be feasible to locate the store, in the North or the South. Most businesses are located in the northern region. However the company has to find a big place with an average area of 5,000 sq. m. This will be very expensive in the North and could be difficult for the company to afford it. For this reason, the company may open an out- of- town store, which would be cheaper than the town centre location and also could offer a big parking facility for the customers. A pr oduct sold out- of- town is likely to be cheaper than in a store located in the town centre. Bibliography Amerilawyer(2011)Franchise agreement (Internet)Available from http//www. amerilawyer. om/agreements/agreementindex/assetpurchase/franchise. htm admission price on 17 April 2011 Brassington,F and Pettitt,S(2007)Essential of Marketing, 2nd edition Personal Education Limited april,p242 Datamonitor (2009) Europe retail industry segment (Internet) Available from www. Datamonitor. om approaching on 15 April 2011 Datamonitor(2010) Italy apparel retail industry(Internet )Available from www,Datamonitor. com Access on 15 April 2011 Datamonitor(2011) Italy Country analysis report In-depth PESTLE Insights(Internet)Available from www. Datamonitor. com Access on 16 April 2011 Doing Business( 2011) Italy making a difference for entrepreneurs (Internet )Available from http//www. doingbusiness. rg//media/fpdkm/doing%20business/documents/profiles/country/db11/ita. pdf Access on 13 April 2011 Du nning, J. H. , Lundan, S. M. (2008) Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy 2nd edition, Edward Elgar Cheltenham Hoecklin L. (1995) Managing Cultural Differences. Stage for Competitive Advantage. addison-Wesley Publishers Hofsteade G. (1984) Cultures Consequences International Differences in melt Related Values. Beverly Hills, California Sage macrocosmations Gaudin,S. (2002)The Site of No Return, (Internet) Available from www. cyberatlas. internet. com Access on 5 January 2011 Griffin W and Pustay. W( 2010)International business Global variant 6th edition Personal EducationEconomic watch (2011) Value Added tax, (Internet) Available from http//www. economywatch. com/business-and-economy/italy. html Access on 10 April 2011 European country( 2011) Italy (internet)Available from http//europa. eu/abc/european_countries/eu_members/italy/ Access on 11 April 2011 Euromonitor International( 2011) Retailing in Italy Available from http//www. euromonitor. com/retailing-in-italy/rep ort Access on 14 April 2011 International VAT service(2011) Italian VAT (Internet)Available from http//www. tmf-vat. com/vat/italian-vat. html Access on 12 April 2011 Lynch ,R(1994)European Business Strategies The European and Global Strategies of Europes Top Companies,Kogan pageMintel Global Market navigator (2010) Italy Advertising Market sectionalisation by value (Internet)Available at www. Mintel. com Access on 17/04/2011 The world bank doing business (2011) Ease of Doing Business in Italy (Internet) Available from http//www. doingbusiness. org/ExploreEconomies/? economyid=96 Access on 10 April 2011 Worldwide tax (2011) Italy VAT ant other tax (Internet)Available from http//www. worldwide-tax. com/italy/ita_other. asp Access on 13 April 2011 The world fact book (2011)Europe Italy( Internet)Available from https//www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/it. html Access on 15April 2011 Appendix 1Start a business Doing Business 2011 rank Starting a business 68 Register piazza 95 Getting credit 89 Paying taxes 128 (Doing business 2011) Appendix2 Business procedures Procedure number 6 days 6 Cost of income per capital 18. 5% Paid minimum capital 10. 1% Appendix 3 Country Comparison Rate2010 Country comparison GPD 1. 1 8 Unemployment rate 8. 98 Public debit 118. 1% 8 Inflation1. 4% 36 Graph1 . Europe retail industry segment 2009 pic(Datamonitor 2009) Graph 2 Italy apparel retail industry pic (apparel retail in Italy Datamonitor 2010) Appendix 4 Hofsteade module of culture differences pic Appendix 5 Advertising media pic (Mintel Global Market Navigator 2010) Segment 2009 (m EUR)

Communicable Disease Essay

Communicable diseases, also known as infectious diseases or transmissible diseases, be illnesses that result from the infection, presence and growth of pathogenic (capable of causing disease) biologic agents in an individual human or other animal host. Infections may range in severity from asymptomatic (with out symptoms) to severe and fatal. The term infection does non have the same meaning as infectious disease because some infections do non cause illness in a host. indisposition causing biologic agents include viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multi-cellular parasites, and aberrant proteins known as prions. Transmission of these biologic agents pile occur in a variety of miens, including direct physical bear upon with an infectious person, consuming contaminated sustenances or beverages, contact with contaminated body grippeids, contact with contaminated inanimate objects, billetborne (inhalation), or being bitten by an infected insect or tick. Some disease agents q uite a little be transmitted from animals to humans, and some of these agents can be transmitted in more than one way.Non-Communicable DiseaseA non-communicable disease, or NCD, is a checkup condition or disease, which by definition is non-infectious and non-transmissible among hatful.TuberculosisSigns and SymptomsA bad cough up that lasts 3 weeks or longer. distress in the chest.Coughing up slant or sputum (phlegm from deep inside the lungs) Weakness or fatigue.Weight spillage.No appetite.Chills. febricity.CausesTuberculosis is caused by bacteria that gap from person to person through microscopic droplets released into the air. This can happen when someonewith the untreated, alive(p) form of tuberculosis coughs, speaks, sneezes, spits, laughs or sings. Although tuberculosis is contagious, its not easy to catch. Youre much more likely to get tuberculosis from someone you live with or work with than from a stranger. Most people with spry TB whove had appropriate drug treatmen t for at least two weeks atomic number 18 no longer contagious.Pr change surfacetionIf you test positive for latent TB infection, your doctor may advise you to take medications to reduce your risk of developing active tuberculosis. The only type of tuberculosis that is contagious is the active variety, when it affects the lungs. So if you can foil your latent tuberculosis from becoming active, you wont transmit tuberculosis to anyone else.MeaslesSigns and SymptomsA high temperature, cranky eyes (conjunctivitis), and a mobile nose usu everyy occur first. Small white spots usually develop inside the mouth a day or so later. A harsh dry cough is usual.Going off food, tiredness, and aches and pains are usual.CausesMeasles is caused by a virus. It is unfold when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or shares food or drinks. The measles virus can travel through the air. This means that you can get measles if you are near someone who has the virus even if that person doesnt cough or sn eeze directly on you legal professionMeasles vaccination has markedly reduced the relative incidence of measles passim the developed world. However, measles cases still occur in low-incidence countries via importation by travelers. Therefore, maintenance of immunity is important even in countries with a low incidence of measles, since a single imported case can result in large measles outbreaks in the setting of waning immunity.Chicken PoxSigns and SymptomsFever (temperature), aches and fear often start a day or so before a rash appears. Rash. Spots appear in crops. They develop into minute blisters and are itchy. They can be anywhere on the body. Several crops may develop over several days. Dry cough and sore throat are crude.CausesChickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus. You catch it by coming into contact with someone who is infected with the virus. Its a very contagious infection. About 90% of people who have not previously had chickenpox will become infected wh en they come into contact with the virus.PreventionThe chickenpox (varicella) vaccinum is the best way to stop chickenpox.Typhoid FeverSigns and Symptoms febrility that can reach as high as 104F (40C)feeling achy, tired, or weak.constipation.diarrhea.headache.stomach pain and loss of appetite.sore throat.CausesTyphoid fever is an acute illness associated with fever caused by the Salmonella typhi bacteria. It can also be caused by Salmonella paratyphi, a related bacterium that usually causes a less severe illness. The bacteria are deposited in water or food by a human carrier and are then spread to other people in the area.PreventionPreventing typhoid fever is to get vaccinated against the illness. Twovaccines are available a cracking that contains killed Salmonella typhi bacteria and a vaccine taken by mouth containing a live but weakened strain of the bacteria. Avoiding risky foods and beverages (especially when traveling in the developing world) is another way to reduce your r isk.MUMPSSigns and SymptomsFever.Headache.Muscle aches.Tiredness.Loss of appetite.Swollen and tender salivary glands under the ears on one or both sides (parotitis)CausesThe mumps are caused by a virus called the paramyxovirus. Its spread from one child to another through direct contact with discharge from the nose and throat. Infected droplets in the air from a sneeze or close conversation can be inhaled and may cause infection.PreventionUse of mumps vaccine (usually administered in measles-mumps-rubella MMR or measles-mumps-rubella-varicella MMRV vaccines) is the best way to prevent mumps. Children should be given the first dose of mumpsvaccine soon later their first birthday (12 to 15 months of age).HepatitisSigns and Symptomsfatigue. grippe-like symptoms.dark urine.pale-colored stool.abdominal pain.loss of appetite.unexplained weight loss.yellow skin and eyes (may be signs of jaundice)CausesHepatitis can be caused by liver damage from excessive alcohol consumption. This is some times referred to as alcoholic hepatitis. The alcohol causes the liver to swell and become inflamed. Other toxic causesinclude overuse of medication or exposure to poisons.Autoimmune Disease.PreventionThe hepatitis A vaccine can prevent infection with the virus. The hepatitis A vaccine is typically given in two doses initial vaccination followed by a booster shot six months later. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the following individuals receive a hepatitis A vaccine MalariaSigns and SymptomsFever.Chills.Headache.Sweats.Fatigue.Nausea and vomiting.CausesMalaria is caused by the plasmodium parasite. The parasite can be spread to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes.PreventionMalaria can often be avoided using the ABCD approach to prevention which stands for Awareness of risk find out whether you are at risk of getting malaria. Bite prevention avoid mosquito bites by using insect repellent, covering your arms and legs and using a mosquito net. tink whether you need to take malaria prevention tablets if you do, make sure you take the right antimalarial tablets at the right dose, and finish the course. Diagnosis seek immediate medical advice if you have malaria symptoms, including up to a year after you return from travelling.Whooping CoughSigns and Symptomsrunny nose.sneezing.mild cough.low-grade fever.CausesWhooping cough is caused by an infection with a bacterium known as Bordetella pertussis. The bacteria attach to the lining of the airways in the upper respiratory system and release toxins that lead to inflammation and swelling.PreventionPreventing whooping cough. In the UK, whooping cough is now rare due to successful vaccination against it. The 5-in-1 vaccine. The whoopingcough vaccine is given as part of the 5-in-1 vaccine (DTaP/IPV/Hib), which also protects against diphtheria, tetanus, polio and Hib (haemophilus influenzae type b).DysenterySigns and Symptomsnausea.vomiting.abdominal pain.fever and chills.CausesBac terial infections are by far the most plebeian causes of dysentery. These infections include Shigella,Campylobacter, E. coli, and Salmonella species of bacteria.PreventionWashing ones hands after using the toilet, after contact with an infected person, and regularly throughout the day Washing ones hands before handling, cooking and eating food, handling babies, and feeding unripe or elderly people Keeping contact with someone known to have dysentery to a minimumTetanusSigns and SymptomsHeadache.Jaw cramping.Sudden, involuntary muscle change often in the stomach (muscle spasms) Painful muscle stiffness all over the body.Trouble swallowing.Jerking or staring (seizures)Fever and sweating.High subscriber line pressure and fast(a) heart rate.CausesTetanus is a condition caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, a cousin of the bacteria that cause gangrene and botulism.PreventionYou can easily prevent tetanus by being immunized against the toxin. Almost all cases of tetanus occur in people whove never been immunized or who havent had a tetanus booster shot within the preceding 10 years.FluSigns and SymptomsA 100oF or higher fever or feeling feverish (not everyone with the flu has a fever) A cough and/or sore throat.A runny or stuffy nose.Headaches and/or body aches.Chills.Fatigue.CausesThe flu is actually very different from a cold. While more than 100 different viruses can cause a cold, only influenza virus types A, B, and C cause theflu. Type A and B viruses are responsible for the large flu epidemics. Type C flu virus is more stable and usually causes milder respiratory symptoms.PreventionIf you are healthy but exposed to a person with the flu, antiviral drugs can prevent you from getting sick. The sooner you are treated with an antiviral, the more likely it will prevent the flu. Antiviral drugs are 70% to 90% effective at preventing the flu.enteric ParasiteSigns and SymptomsAbdominal pain.Diarrhea.Nausea or vomiting.Gas or bloating.Dysentery (loose stools containing blood and mucus)Rash or itching around the rectum or vulva.Stomach pain or tenderness.CausesIntestinal parasites are usually transmitted when someone comes in contact with infected feces (for example, through contaminated soil, food, or water). In the U.S., the most common protozoa are giardia and cryptosporidium. Parasites can live within the intestines for years without causing any symptoms.Common ColdSigns and SymptomsSore throat.Mucus buildup in your nose.Difficulty animate through your nose.Swelling of your sinuses.Sneezing.Cough.Headache.Tiredness.CausesThe common cold is a self-limited contagious illness that can be caused by a number of different types of viruses. The common cold is medically referred to as a viral upper respiratory tract infection. Symptoms of thecommon cold may include cough, sore throat, nasal congestion, runny nose, and sneezing.PreventionNo vaccine has been developed for the common cold, which can be cause d by many different viruses. But you can take some common-sense precautions to slow the spread of cold virusesPneumoniaSigns and SymptomsNausea/vomitingRapid breathing.Rapid heartbeat.Shaking chillsCausesBacteria-like organisms, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which typically produce milder signs and symptoms than do other types of pneumonia. Bacteria, such as streptococci pneumoniae.PreventionGet a flu shot every year to prevent seasonal influenza. The flu is a common cause of pneumonia, so preventing the flu is a good way to prevent pneumonia Get vaccinated against pneumococcal pneumonia if you are at highrisk of getting this type of pneumonia.HypertensionSigns and SymptomsCausesA stroke is an interruption of the blood supply to any part of the brain because a blood vessel is blocked by a clot or burst open. A stroke is sometimes called a brain attack.PreventionA heart-healthy lifestyle can help you prevent high blood pressure. These changes are especially important for people who have risk factors for high blood pressure that cannot be changed, including family history, race, or age.AnemiaSigns and SymptomsFatigue.Pale skin.A fast or irregular heartbeat.Shortness of breath.Chest pain.Dizziness.Cognitive problems.Cold hands and feet.CausesIron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by a shortage of the element iron in your body. Vitamin deficiency anemias. Anemia of chronic disease. Aplastic anemia. Anemias associated with bone marrow disease. Hemolytic anemias. Sickle cell anemia.PreventionMany types of anemia cant be prevented. However, you can help avoid iron deficiency anemia and vitamin deficiency anemias by choosing a diet that includes a variety of vitamins and nutrients asthma attackSigns and SymptomsFrequent cough, especially at night.Losing your breath easily or shortness of breath.Feeling very tired or weak when exercising.Wheezing or spit up after exercise.Feeling tired, easily upset, grouchy, or moody.Decreases or changes in lung function as measured on a peak flow meter.CausesAsthma motivates are different from person to person and can include Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, mold, cockroaches and dust mites. Respiratory infections, such as the common cold. bodily activity (exercise-induced asthma)Cold air.Air pollutants and irritants, such as smoke.PreventionYou need to know how to prevent or minimize future asthma attacks. If your asthma attacks are triggered by an allergic reaction, avoid your triggers as much as possible. Keep taking your asthma medications after you are discharged. This is extremely important.MigraineSigns and Symptomsa headache that lasts anything from four up to 72 hours.pulsating or throbbing pain, often just on one side of your head. a headache that gets worse when youre active or stops you from being active. feeling sick or vomiting.increased sensitivity to light and noise.CausesHormonal changes in women. Fluctuations in estrogen seem to trigger headaches in ma ny women with known migraines. Foods. Aged cheeses, salty foods and processed foods may trigger migraines. Food additives. Drinks. Stress. Sensory stimuli. Changes in wake-sleep pattern. Physical factors.PreventionNot all migraine headaches can be prevented. However, identifying your headache triggers can help to reduce the frequency and severity of migraine attacks.CardiovascularSigns and SymptomsChest pain (angina)Shortness of breath.Pain, numbness, flunk or coldness in your legs or arms, if the blood vessels in those parts of your body are narrowed.CausesAtherosclerosis is also the most common cause of cardiovasculardisease, and its often caused by an unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, being overweight and smoking. All of these are major risk factors for developing atherosclerosis and, in turn, cardiovascular disease.

Eqyptian Culture Essay

Ancient Egypt was a fascinating and complex place. Luckily for historians, Egyptians had made enceinte strides in record care which perplex made studying their culture and society easier than some previous historical eras. Ancient Egyptians were a people who were intensely religious, deeply divided by gender sections and a strong hierarchy, and quite advanced for their period in terms of their technological and economic innovations. Egyptians were deeply religious, and religion played a role in nearly all aspects of their daily lives. When the ancient Egyptians experienced periods of peace and prosperity, they attributed credit for the success to their deities (Slaughter, 5). The Egyptians experienced centuries of remarkable stability and considered this state to be the ma at, which was Egyptian for the natural tell (Slaughter, 5). Even though they considered good ordinance and balance in their society to be natural, it had to be protected by the pharaoh, who was considered to have been born mortal but imbued with godhood upon receipt of the throne, and was expected to be an earthly presence of the divine (Slaughter, 5). His religious standing gave the pharaoh a unique sub judice and commanding position in ancient Egyptian culture.The pharaoh was expected to defend the nation, take responsibility for all administrative duties, declare all of the laws, and own all of the demesne (Slaughter, 5). For practical reasons, much of the pharaohs responsibilities were delegated to a bureaucracy (Slaughter, 5). Within this bureaucracy, staffed mostly by workforce, success was measured by the degree to which a person promoted order and prosperity at bottom their stewardship (Slaughter, 5-6). Ancient Egypt had a strong social hierarchy, where a small group of the population, mostly the male elders, formed an elite class that that tightly controlled the rest of society (Slaughter, 7). This hierarchy was rooted in a wide variety of economic, political, religious an d social causes that imbued those in power with authority in more or less all areas of society (Slaughter, 7). The nature of most economic and commercial activity at the time created great wealth, power, and opportunities for elite men, while putting other men and all women in a position of submission to or dependence on the elite (Slaughter, 7). The division of labor that arose based at first on survival needs created societal attitudes about the roles, attributes, and abilities of men and women (Slaughter, 7).Men were the rulers and hard laborers, while women were the family caretakers (Slaughter, 7). The fertility and sexuality of a woman was her main contribution to Egyptian society, and these attributes were celebrated throughout the culture (Slaughter, 7). Women were expected to marry at 12 or 13 yrs of age, and to bear children often within the first form after marriage (Discussion, Ian Falconer). Although women were usually not part of the religious or political ruling el ite, they were highly respected for their fertility, and were given most of the same legal rights as men (Discussion, Keako Crill). In some rare instances, women actually did manage to rise to stations of power and privilege, sometimes as priestesses to a God within the pharaohs bureaucracy (Slaughter, 5), and in four instances, including the case of Hatshepsut, women actually became the supreme rulers of the land (Slaughter, 6). Ancient Egyptians achieved an impressive level of manufacturing and commercial capability for their time, which allowed them to achieve great strength and geopolitical dominance. Egyptians took advantage of many opportunities to learn, such as using the mummification process as a chance to learn about contour and medicine (Discussion, Katelyn Dreger).The Egyptians also developed a calendar with the same number of days as ours, though more closely tied to the seasons. Their calendar had triad seasons, each consisting of four 30 day months, and an extra fiv e days between harvest and planting that brought the total days in a year to 365 (Discussion, Tad Gale). This system allowed them to know when to plant and harvest based on the seasons of the year and the rise and fall of the water level in the Nile River in order to get maximum utilization of their vital lands. They also managed to develop a forerunner to our modern day beer by either fermenting water with cover crumbled into it, or by actually fermenting barley and wheat in a similar fashion to modern methods (Discussion, Tad Gale.)Their engineering feats were also impressive, and ranged from the expert prowess that showed itself in their massive pyramids, to the mastery of physics involved in developing advanced chariots that ran faster, quieter, and more stable than their counterparts created by their enemies (Discussion, Blair Vanderlugt). The nature of ancient Egyptian society was quite unique for its time period. Egyptian culture was distinct from neighboring nations, and E gyptians had many advantages that gave them an edge politically and commercially.

A Tale Of Two Cities vs. Beowulf Essay

When talking about renowned stories and strong characters in literature, there are two names that come up every time, A Tale of Two Cities and Beowulf. Both of these stories can be compared in many ways and in many ways they are extremely different with a few(prenominal) similarities. These stories were written centuries apart yet they are twain still notorious today. The diverse styles of writing in each of these tales show the different time periods. there are three similarities that I want to specifically discuss more about the protagonists characteristics, how they change, and how they end their lives with meaning. One of the differences between the two books is that the protagonists, Beowulf and Sydney Carton, are more parallel than most people would think. In Beowulf the main character is obviously Beowulf and he is a strong and resilient character that fights to help those who need it. In Beowulf it says he was, greater and stronger than anyone anywhere in this world. (lin es 109-111). Beowulf has to eat Grendel to spell the people of Denmark and lose many of his own men along the way.He does eventually kill Grendel and then Grendels Mother to save the people. But Beowulf longed only for fame, leaped back into battle (lines 502-504) this shows Beowulfs heart to finish what he started. He never gave up no matter how difficult it was to continue after his men were killed or no matter how hard it was to fight the monsters. Sydney Carton on the other overstep first appears as a lazy, alcoholic attorney who cannot muster even the smallest amount of interest in his own life. He describes his existence as a supreme waste of life and takes every opportunity to declare that he cares for nothing and no one. Carton by the end of story changes immensely and becomes a better man. Now Carton isnt strong resilient like Beowulf but he is courageous and he gives up his own life to save his friends life, Charles Darney. Darney is married to lucie, who Carton loves, but Carton still saves him from the guillotine because he wants to give his life some meaning. Another difference is that both main characters change so much by the end ofthe stories.When Beowulf is called on by King Hrothgar of Denmark to come save him and his people from Grendel he goes right off and shows his strength by defeating Grendel so the people of Denmark would not be bothered by him anymore. This is how Beowulf wounded Grendel, He twisted in pain, and the bleeding sinews deep in his shoulder, snapped, muscle and bone split and broke. The battle was over, Beowulf had been granted new glory (lines 389-393). Beowulf dies in the story so he changes a lot, but his story lived on, as he became a legend. As stated before Sydney Carton remarkably changes from this man who has no meaning in life to someone who is respected and finds fulfilment in existence. Carton changes from the moment he meets Lucie Manette, a French woman who grew up in England.Before Carton changed he was described as a Jackal throughout the story. Sydney, said Stryver, on that self-same night, or morning, to his jackal mix another bowl of punch I have something to say to you(page 143). The third semblance between these stories is that they both end with these protagonists ending their lives with meaning. In Beowulf, after his tough fighting, he defeats the monsters in Denmark and saves the people, he eventually becomes the king of his home country, Geatland, when the king dies. By the end of A Tale of Two Cities Sydney Carton has changed enormously and ends his life with meaning. Carton takes Darneys place at the guillotine and is killed for a crime he never committed, not exactly fair or just but that is how he wanted it. Quickly, but with hands as true to the purpose as his heart was, Carton dressed himself in the clothes the prisoner had laid aside, combed back his hair, and tied it with a ribbon the prisoner had worn(page 372). aft(prenominal) this he died at the guillotine kn owing he had meaning in his life. In both of these fascinating stories we see how they similar they actually are. Beowulf acted on his feelings and was respected for it and Carton was someone who was looked down upon but changes his ways. These books are both well cognize throughout all of literature but for different reasons. Beowulf is well known for its language and diction and A Tale of Two Cities is known for its meticulous plot and scrupulous thought. As long as these stories are compared and talked about, these two tales volition always be thought of as two of the best.

Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Essay

AbstractThis is a case conceptualization of a lymph node referred to a Residential Treatment speediness by Family Court for treatment and military rank of intellectual, academic, and behavioral performance. The client presents with several issues. In the client interview, the counsel hypothesizes that client has difficulty with anger, aggression, and low frustration tolerance. The clients current behaviors are alter his home and educational environments. The clients wee experiences provide be explored only as it relates to current behavior and beliefs.During the therapeutic process, the client and the counselor leave behind explore his inability to suffice holdly when frustrations occur. Exploration would include disputing ir intellectual thoughts and beliefs, and exercising more appropriate positive replacement behaviors. This case conceptualization pull up stakes create a hypothesis of the clients vulturine behavior. Using Rational Emotive behaviour Therapy framework, the counselor will explore the clients issues and create a treatment plan with goals that pertain to the clients presenting issues. This conceptualization will as well include support that will show the benefits the client should gain with application of this theory.Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Case Conceptualization of MichaelMichael is a 14-year-old African American male. He has been referred to a Residential Treatment Facility (RTF) for an evaluation of intellectual, academic, and behavioral assessment. While in the treatment facility, Michael must undergo therapy to address his presenting problems. Michael presents himself as a very well dressed and engaged boylike man. Despite the fact that he is court-ordered to be in a treatment facility for an undetermined length of time, he was cooperative during the interview. During the interview, the counselor speaks with Michael and his adoptive family astir(predicate) the details of the court documents, the responsibility of th e client (Michael) and the facility. The counselor, Michael, and the adoptive parents make water completed the in riposte process and the time was scheduled for his first session.Biological and Environmental FactorsMichaels biological parents are reported to have been heavily addicted to drugs and alcohol. His produce reportedly ab utilization of goods and servicesd multiple prescription drugs and cocaine during her pregnancies. It is also reported that the m otherwise was Schizophrenic. Both parents have lengthy criminal records. Michael did not experience a nurturing environment. At age four, Michael and his younger brother were removed from the biological parents by tyke protective services. The brothers were placed in separate foster homes. Michael has had four foster care placements in two years prior to going to his adoptive parents. During his placements, it is pretend that Michael experienced neglect and sexual ab make use of.His maternal aunt and her husband adopted Mi chael. They also adopted his younger brother. They have two biological children. Michael did not line up well to the new environment. He became more aggressive and exhibited hoarding behaviors. By age seven, he had been placed in a psychiatric hospital and other RTFs to receive treatment. Michael and his adoptive parents have sought counseling services through their church and local mental health agencies. Michael had been diagnosed with Reactive Attachment Disorder, ADHD, and ODD. He has worthless sleep patterns and is on several medications that have little effect. Michael has self-harmed for attention, but denied suicidal thoughts. Michael has a history of tearing and aggressive behaviors in school and home. Michael has very tripping and superficial relationships with peers.Case ConceptualizationMichaels presenting issues and previous history is suit adequate for Rational Emotive Behavior (REBT). REBT focuses on environmental and biological factors that affect rational thought and emotional behavior (Murdock, 2009). Michaels early history will offer insight in evaluating his current behavior, but otherwise have no relevant bearing on Michaels treatment plan.Michael often experiences events that sire him to react in a negative manner toward his peers and relatives. The counselor theorizes that Michaels early exposure to violence, unst suitable home environment, and inconsistent relationships may have contributed to his inability to rationalize his experiences. These outbursts have increasingly become more uncivilized. One incident resulted in Michael choking another resident at a previous RTF placement. Michael states that he often felt up agitated prior to his outburst. Later, he would be confused, sad, and even angrier that he lost control (secondary disturbance).In session, the counselor listens for the ABCs of the REBT therapy framework. Michael rehearses several events that occur prior to his outbursts and violent attacks (Consequence) (2009), th e counselor notes that Michael often feels that people are trying to besot over on him or messin with him (Antecedent behavior, ludicrous thought, faulty sentiment) (2009). Michael voiced that people should just leave him alone (faulty belief) (2009). Michael perceives his peers think he is stupid ( ill-advised thought) (2009). When asked why he thinks this, Michael responds, Maybe I am. I always get the questions wrong in class when the teacher calls on me (faulty belief) (2009). Michaels demands self-demandingness, others demandingness and world demandingness (2009) are not cosmos met, therefore creating a psychological and emotional disturbance for Michael (2010). The counselor also hypothesizes that Michael has low frustration tolerance (LFT) (2010) with peers who he perceives do not treat him passably or give in to his demands (other demandingness) (2009).Michael rehearsed that in the classroom the teacher never listens to him. She always tries to embarrass him in front of the class. Michael often stated that the teacher a great deal called on him to prove he was dumb (awfulizing) (2009). Michael perceived the classroom environment was unfair and intolerable and hated going to school (maladaptive thought) (2009) because all the teachers hate him. Michael felt that he should be left alone, especially when he was not bothering anyone (world demandingness) (2009). The result was to defend himself through acting out, aggression, or defiance. Michael believed that he needed to be aggressive to prove his peers, teachers, and family members wrong, which led to further frustration. Michael explained that behavior made him feel like he was not good enough for people (self-demandingness) (2009).The counselor hypothesized that Michael is relying on irrational thinking to draw irrational conclusions (2009) which lead to irrational behavior. Michaels negative thinking and behaviors influenced his home life. Michael describes that he upsets his adoptive mother wh en he fights ( spring) (2009) and that he will never be able to make her happy (irrational thinking) (2009). Michael believes this makes him a bad person on the inside (faulty belief) (2009). This belief makes him angry and irritated (secondary disturbance) (2009), which causes him to become violent toward his younger siblings ( present moment) (2009).Treatment Goals and PlanMichaels goals toward survival and happiness (2009) are thwarted by his irrational thoughts and absolutions (Harrington, 2007) that life should be easy and painless (2007). Michael becomes frustrated with events at school and home frequently when he does not get what he hopes. The counselor understands that frustration with particular events in itself is not the cause of the violent outburst, but is the result of wrong views of the event (2007). Michael has an additional belief his reality must conform to his wishes. When this fails to occur, intolaration results (faulty belief). Hence, this creates the violen t outburst (consequence). In other words, frustration fanaticism arises, because the wish for a different reality collided with the demand for it (Harrington, 2011).Michaels therapeutic goals will include teaching him the three unconditionals of acceptance (Barry, 2009) 1. Unconditional self-acceptance-I am not a bad person. I can make good choices, even if it does not always turn out right. 2. Unconditional acceptance of others- Everyone does not have to like my ideas or me, they can have each have our own opinion. People will not always treat me the way I want to be treated. This does not mean they want to harm me or do not care for me. 3. Unconditional life acceptance-Life is not fair. I can take the good with the bad. I can choose to enjoy the moment. I cannot control every circumstance, but I can control my reaction and thoughts toward it.Michael will also be taught to do a behavioral assessment (2009) of his thoughts and beliefs during the course of his treatment. This will in clude the use of a journal ( in the midst of session homework) (2009) to track antecedent events, his emotional state prior to the event (calm, engaged) and immediately following (irritated, angry, and sad), and his beliefs toward the given circumstance.The counselor will actively model appropriate behaviors when frustrating moments occur in counseling. The counselor will use exaggerated behavior (2009) to demonstrate Michaels behavior (sudden outbursts/aggression) when frustrating events occur. It is the hope of the counselor that Michael will see that his behavior can be considered extreme. Michael may even see some humor in the extremity of his outbursts in minor occurrences. The counselor will be direct with Michael in border (2009), an its-not-about-you/me stance in session. Michael will be consistently confronted during sessions with questions that will challenge him to consider when this attitude begins to surface (Shanahan, et. al. 2010). The counselor will model humor (200 9) when appropriate to demonstrate when Michaels irrational thoughts grow beyond reason.The use of coping skills can dispute irrational thoughts (self-talk, humor, relaxation techniques) (Harrington, 2011) and create a self-monitoring tool for Michael between sessions. The counselor will actively dispute irrational thoughts during the session using philosophical interpretationdemonstrating this is interrupting his goal to be happy, empirical proveasking for evidence that supports his belief or offering evidence that counteracts his belief, logic, and functionalhelping him evaluate always and never statement (2009) relationships between the perceived disturbance and the reality of the unconditional. Behavior strategies can also be implemented.Michael should learn behavior (violence and outbursts) management through 1. Reward (engaging in a pleasurable activity after enduring an ill-fitting/frustrating circumstance), and penalty (restriction of pleasurable activity) (2009). 2. The u se of imagery of frustrating or uncomfortable situations, and unhealthy negative emotions (and behaviors) to reframe and rehearse rational beliefs and responses (Harrington, 2011).The counselor will use multiple resources (music, TV, and movies) and actual events for scenarios (Harrington, 2011). 3. Coping mechanisms (2011) will also be implemented when frustration arises. This will include relaxation techniques (2009) and removing Michael from the frustrating situation until he is able to respond appropriately. Eventually, Michael should be able to endure an uncomfortable circumstance (2011) without having to leave to regain composure. In summation, throughout the course of Michaels sessions, he should be able to recognize irrational thoughts and dispute them immediately. Even when challenged with frustration, Michael should be able to evaluate the reality (reframing) (2009) of the circumstance and respond appropriately.ConclusionThe counselor concluded that REBT is appropriate to use in this counseling scenario. REBT addresses thoughts and beliefs of an individual. These thoughts and beliefs create the behavior response. When an individual has irrational thoughts motivated by faulty beliefs, it is typically followed by a negative response. The counselors goal is to teach the client to evaluate irrational thoughts and faulty beliefs concerning the antecedent event in order to create a more appropriate consequence (response). Michaels core faulty beliefs are found in the three unconditionals. Michael feels he is entitled (Fives, et al. 2010) to fair treatment and getting his way.Michael believed that when this entitlement was not fulfilled, it was appropriate to respond with aggression (2010). This response (consequence) created a cyclical event antecedent event (fight/defiance)irrational thought (my teacher is trying to embarrass me or hes trying to intimidate me) faulty belief (that teacher should leave me alone/ I will not be intimidated). After the fight/ defiance, Michael often feels guilty, sad, or more frustrated (secondary disturbance) because he is a failure and cannot get it right (which disappoints his adoptive mother).As a result, Michael experiences more frustration and anger. Using REBT, the counselor hopes to effectively teach Michael to dispute his negative/irrational thoughts and faulty beliefs. Therefore, this will reduce frustration intolerance and create a more appropriate consequence to the antecedent event. REBT is logical, workable, and teaches the client realistic skills to cope with lifes circumstances (Minor, 2007). In cases like Michaels, REBT is effective with including the family in the framework of the therapy (Bernard and DiGiuseppe, 2006). Michaels adoptive parents will be taught to identify his (and even their own) irrational thoughts and faulty beliefs and the behavioral relationship. This equips them with knowledge needed to address the behavior.Most importantly, it helps with the long-term success of the child client in naming and appropriate response of frustrating circumstances (Fives, et al., 2010). REBT does not focus on the person, but the behaviors the person demonstrates (Levinson, 2006). This approach will be beneficial to Michael because his faulty thinking and irrational thoughts have been attached to his personhood. He perceives himself as bad and inadequate (Jones, et al, 2011). REBT should teach Michael it is not he or the event, but the thoughts about the event (Ellis) that cause his issues. This should encourage Michael to evaluate his thought and belief patterns frequently.REBT utilizes psychology, examining how thoughts cause emotional disturbance. Philosophically, REBT suggests that life views influence emotions. Lastly, REBT incorporates education that should provide Michael with the necessary tools to manage his thoughts, beliefs, and responses to frustrating events (Banks and Zionts, 2008).This will be an on-going process for Michael. Michael will experienc e success and failure throughout the application of REBT. The counselor will be diligent in explaining this reality to Michael. The counselor will reiterate this is a part of the three unconditionals. Michael will experience the reward of recognizing the ABCDEs of REBT. Michael should understand the final stage of REBT is effectively (the E) (2010) disputing (the D) irrational thoughts toward the event, therefore, causing an appropriate response. Michael will learn when he is not successful, he can accept it and the consequences without becoming aggressive.ReferencesBanks, T., & Zionts, P. (2009). REBT Used with Children and Adolescentswho have Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in Educational Settings A Review of the Literature. Journal of Rational Emotive Cognitive-Behavior Therapy , 51-65. Bernard, M. E., & Diguiseppe, R. (2006). REBT assesstment and treatment with children. Rational Emotive Behaviors approaches to childhood disorders, theory, and practice , 85-113. Fives, C. J., Kong, G., Fuller, J. R., & DiGuiseppe, R. (2010). Anger, Aggression, and Irrational Beliefs in Adolescents. Cognitive scheme Research , 199-208. Harrington, ,. N. (2007). Frustration intolerance as a multidimentional concept. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy , 191-211. Levinson, M. (2006). Anger management and violence prevention A holistic solution. et Cetera 187-199. Minor, J. (2007). Why I use REBT in my private practice and personal life. et Cetera , 320-323. Murdock, N. (2009). Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson. Shanahan, S., Jones, J., & Thomas-Peter, B. (2010). Are you looking at me, or am I? Anger, aggression, confound and self-worth in violent individuals. Journal of Rational Emotive Cognitive Behavior Therapy , 77-91.

Chinese vs American Culture

Sarah Gonzalez Chinese subtlety VS American Culture It doesnt matter what kind of ethnicity you are, or how you were brought up. Everyone is deeply rooted in their own finish. Culture has a different meaning to everyone. Comparing American culture to Chinese culture we impart find many different meanings to the word culture. For example, we Americans are always looking for something bigger and better for our future, and the Chinese are content with a small reserved lifestyle with no intentions of changing it for something bigger.A culture is a way of life of a group of people-the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, generally with unwrap thinking about them, and are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next. suppuration up in America we are taught to never settle for less, that we can do anything that we set our minds too, and when we grow up we can be anyone we want to be. later all we are the home of the brave and the lan d of the free, right? The Chinese are more set on if you are a daughter you are too be the homemaker, and the men are too make the money doing physical labor.The story I resolving power to Elaine concluded it all utterly to me. She continued to sign Fathers name. I threatened legal action Thats forgery Its not your name. Example from I Answer to Elaine This shows that the Chinese believe that the men are dominate, head of the household, the only say so. In the American home mom and dad obligate a share liability for the children and both set of parents go out into the work force. A deep frustration set in. I was sickened by her statements price reduction for my future.I hated helplessness, believing it unique to her alone Example from I Answer to Elaine. I feel like Elaine is frustrated with her mom because she knows because of her gender her mom doesnt search mush out of her other than to be a care giver. This has to be confusing to Elaine when she sees all over her American friends dreaming about their big futures and what they will do. Elaine should be able to grow bigger than just a housewife. Believe it or not, but American and Chinese culture do generate somethings in common. They see eye-to-eye on some aspects.Like providing for their children Parents work together for the well-being of their children Example from Article. It is true that parents do the best they can to work towards a better pecuniary life for their kids. Thats why many Chinese parents come over to the states, so that they can provide a better life, and a better education. They would in like manner go to great lengths for their children no matter what the cause Parents will risk their life for their children Example from Article. Any parent would risk their life for their children no matter what ethnicity, or cultural aspectThere is no bond like a parent and their child. Chinese and American culture has a lot more differences than similarities. To the Chinese reputation of the individual is very important. If an action will humiliate someone or ruin a reputation, it is avoided. When shame occurs, the person sacrifices their job or whatever it is that will heal the shame. In America, reputations come and go overnight and in the end usually does not matter. Go to an American home in exurbia, and some the first thing you do is drift towards the picture window Example from American space, Chinese Place.It is true that we Americans always want something more than what we have in front of us. We are always looking forward to the big picture of our future. Consider the traditional Chinese home. Blank walls enclose it Example from American Space, Chinese Place. The Chinese are very content with what they have, and have no intensions of a bigger picture. They clutches what they have close to them. All in all, I think we can see the difference and the similarities between the two cultures. The Chinese are set on their morals.One is to respect all others, the me n is the runner of the household, and keep your opinion to yourself. Americans dont always follow the rules. When we dont agree with something we are going to speak out about it, and give them out opinion. In the households sometimes there is a man of the house, and sometimes its a single mother running the house. I think the Chinese have a better wrap around the meaning of culture they stick to what they believe, and it stays that way for years. Rather than Americans missing the meaning of culture and worrying about what the future has to hold for them.

The next types are breakwaters

There are a variety of techniques and efforts used to stabilize shorelines end-to-end the world and some are temporary and some are permanent. Structures built to protect a coast from erosion or to prevent the movement of lynchpin along a coast are known as hard stabilization (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 2008).There are three common types of hard stabilization which are considered to be permanent techniques. The first types of hard stabilization are called groins. A groin is a barrier built at a right angle to the beach to trap sand that is moving parallel to the shore.The next types are breakwaters, which are structures designed to protect watercraft from the force of large breaking waves by creating a quiet water zone near the shore. The third type is a seawall. Seawalls are just that walls built parallel to the shore to protect the coast and blank space from the force of breaking waves.Hard stabilization is usually very effective and a lot of the time too effective. Groins tend to s and-starve the longshore, breakwaters may allow sand to pick up behind the structure due to reduced wave activity and seawalls causes the beach seaward side to experience significant erosion.Alternatives to hard stabilization are beach nourishment and relocation. Beach nourishment is replacing sand on beaches, however the downside to this is that is does not last and is expensive. Relocation is relocating storm damaged buildings and buildings at high risk, olibanum allowing nature to reclaim the beach. The downside to this is that people do not want to give up their ocean front property. (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 2008)I do not believe that urbanization and ontogenesis of coastal area always contribute to shoreline erosion because people want to protect their property from erosion therefore doing what they can to prevent erosion. However, I too believe that sometimes people end up doing more harm than good with their methods used to prevent shoreline erosion from happening.ReferencesL utgens, F. and Tarbuck, E. (2008). Foundations of Earth Science Fifth Edition. Pearson assimilator Hall.

Civil War and Reconstruction

The the States we know today is a very different place than the America this country once knew during the reconstruction period. In todays society everybody has equal rights and opportunities to do as they please. People today incur a right to do basically boththing there heart desires, precisely years ago it was a different story. African Americans didnt have galore(postnominal) rights at all. The people and groups involved in reconstruction had many different ideas for starkdom and equality. In 1861 the Civil fight broke kayoed and became and on vent battle for the next four years.At the end of the war 600,000 people were dead and four one thousand thousand slaves were freed. aft(prenominal) the war Abraham Lincolns plan for Reconstruction began. With this plan Lincolns master(prenominal) goal was to bring the North and S unwraph together and bring the South back into the Union. The Civil War ended in 1865 and that equal year on April 15th Lincoln was assassinated. Aft er Lincolns death the 13th amendment was ratified on December 6th 1865. This amendment abolished slavery in the United States, but at the same term it still didnt make it easy for African Americans to succeed in America.This struggle for African Americans was told in an question of Felix Haywood a former slave from San Antonio, Texas. The slaves at that time believed that when they became free that they would become wealthier than the white people and all their worries would disappear. We thought we was going to be richer than the white folks, cause we was stronger and knowed how to work, and the whites didnt, and they didnt have us to work with them anymore. But it didnt turn out that way. We in short found out that emancipation could make folks proud, but it didnt make em rich. 1 An new(prenominal) interview with Warren McKinney a former slave from Hazen, Arkansas McKinney explains how tough it was for his people to cope with freedom. The government gave out rations there. My ma washed and ironed. People died in piles. I dont know till tho what was the matter. They s financial aid it was the change of living. 2 African Americans were now free from slavery, but in a spirit it was even tougher for them to survive because they were on there own. They had no money for food or a house, no education, and there were many restrictions on what African Americans could do.Many White people during Reconstruction had intentions of controlling and constraining African Americans. In many southern states black codes were enforced. These codes did just that. The Louisiana black codes Section 8 No freedman shall sell, barter, or exchange any articles of merchandise or traffic at bottom the limits of Opelousas without peculiar(a) permission of his employer, in writing, and approved by the mayor or president of the board. 3 It was almost care Louisiana and several other southern states with black codes treated African American people same(p) children.Another exampl e of a black code, Section 3 No negro or freedman shall be permitted to rent or nutrition a house within the limits of the town under any circumstances, and any one thus offending shall be ejected and compelled to find an employer or leave the town within twenty four hours. 4 Anytime African Americans wanted to do something they always needed permission from the mayor or president of the board. The White people wanted to seclude them from white society, but at the same time still wanted to control there every move.Whether it was the location of where they wanted to buy a house, or the time and reason in which they were in the local town, there were always restrictions and severe punishments. After Lincolns assassination Andrew Johnson was appointed president. Johnson was a former democrat turned republican. He was natural in the northern part of Tennessee. Growing up he was poor and didnt get a great education so he could barley read or write. He was a antiblack tailor who hated rich people. While in office Johnsons main intention was to keep black people oppressed.His Restoration plan pardons restored property, granted pardons to rich and confederate officials, gave no provisions or protections for freedmen, and the southern whites started voting again and gained control of local governments. Johnson would do anything to keep the blacks down, he vetoed the Civil Rights fare which gave African Americans citizenship and guarantee of equal rights. He then vetoed the Freemens Bureau which wanted to provide aid to African Americans who needed medicine, food, housing, and a right to an education. At this time the pedestal Republicans had enough and in 1866 became the absolute majority in Congress.The Congress eventually overrides Johnsons vetos. The Radicals wanted equality for the black people and in 1867 Radical Reconstruction began. Congressman Thaddeus Stevens states everyman, no matter what his race or color every earthly beingness who has an immortal s oul, has an equal right to justice, honesty, and fair play with every other man and the law should ensure him those rights. 1 Stevens is basically saying all men are created equally, but at the same time he also suggests that it is up to the white man to decide for himself whether or not to associate himself with African Americans and it isnt in the hands of the law.After Stevens doctrine in 1867 the Radicals had control of Congress and they were soon able to impeach President Johnson. Being that Johnson was impeached and the Radical Republicans were the majority in Congress it still didnt seem like the future was any brighter for African Americans. Wide spread Anti-Black violence began. Groups like the Ku Klux Klan formed. They began kill blacks, raping their women, burning down there schools and churches. Elias Hill, an African American man, recounts a nighttime visit from the Ku Klux Klan in 1871. He had a horsewhip, and he told me to pull up my shirt, and he hit me.He told me at every lick, acquire up your shirt. I made a moan every time he cut with the horsewhip. I reckon he struck me eight cuts right on the hip bone. 1 For Elias the KKK was always a threat to him and his family, just as they were to all African Americans. The people and groups involved in Reconstruction had many different ideas for freedom and equality. on that point were presidents like Lincoln who wanted to help African Americans and on the other hand there was Johnson who wanted nothing more then to keep them as slaves and did everything in his top executive to keep it that way.Then there were political parties like the Radical Republicans who also wanted to see threw with slavery and lend aid to African Americans and then you had organizations like the KKK causing extreme violent acts towards African Americans. There is no question that the Reconstruction period was a chaotic time where people had to struggle with freedom and equality and today in the United States of America p eople might be free, but I still think that there are some forms of inequality.