Communicable Disease Essay

Communicable diseases, also known as infectious diseases or transmissible diseases, be illnesses that result from the infection, presence and growth of pathogenic (capable of causing disease) biologic agents in an individual human or other animal host. Infections may range in severity from asymptomatic (with out symptoms) to severe and fatal. The term infection does non have the same meaning as infectious disease because some infections do non cause illness in a host. indisposition causing biologic agents include viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multi-cellular parasites, and aberrant proteins known as prions. Transmission of these biologic agents pile occur in a variety of miens, including direct physical bear upon with an infectious person, consuming contaminated sustenances or beverages, contact with contaminated body grippeids, contact with contaminated inanimate objects, billetborne (inhalation), or being bitten by an infected insect or tick. Some disease agents q uite a little be transmitted from animals to humans, and some of these agents can be transmitted in more than one way.Non-Communicable DiseaseA non-communicable disease, or NCD, is a checkup condition or disease, which by definition is non-infectious and non-transmissible among hatful.TuberculosisSigns and SymptomsA bad cough up that lasts 3 weeks or longer. distress in the chest.Coughing up slant or sputum (phlegm from deep inside the lungs) Weakness or fatigue.Weight spillage.No appetite.Chills. febricity.CausesTuberculosis is caused by bacteria that gap from person to person through microscopic droplets released into the air. This can happen when someonewith the untreated, alive(p) form of tuberculosis coughs, speaks, sneezes, spits, laughs or sings. Although tuberculosis is contagious, its not easy to catch. Youre much more likely to get tuberculosis from someone you live with or work with than from a stranger. Most people with spry TB whove had appropriate drug treatmen t for at least two weeks atomic number 18 no longer contagious.Pr change surfacetionIf you test positive for latent TB infection, your doctor may advise you to take medications to reduce your risk of developing active tuberculosis. The only type of tuberculosis that is contagious is the active variety, when it affects the lungs. So if you can foil your latent tuberculosis from becoming active, you wont transmit tuberculosis to anyone else.MeaslesSigns and SymptomsA high temperature, cranky eyes (conjunctivitis), and a mobile nose usu everyy occur first. Small white spots usually develop inside the mouth a day or so later. A harsh dry cough is usual.Going off food, tiredness, and aches and pains are usual.CausesMeasles is caused by a virus. It is unfold when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or shares food or drinks. The measles virus can travel through the air. This means that you can get measles if you are near someone who has the virus even if that person doesnt cough or sn eeze directly on you legal professionMeasles vaccination has markedly reduced the relative incidence of measles passim the developed world. However, measles cases still occur in low-incidence countries via importation by travelers. Therefore, maintenance of immunity is important even in countries with a low incidence of measles, since a single imported case can result in large measles outbreaks in the setting of waning immunity.Chicken PoxSigns and SymptomsFever (temperature), aches and fear often start a day or so before a rash appears. Rash. Spots appear in crops. They develop into minute blisters and are itchy. They can be anywhere on the body. Several crops may develop over several days. Dry cough and sore throat are crude.CausesChickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus. You catch it by coming into contact with someone who is infected with the virus. Its a very contagious infection. About 90% of people who have not previously had chickenpox will become infected wh en they come into contact with the virus.PreventionThe chickenpox (varicella) vaccinum is the best way to stop chickenpox.Typhoid FeverSigns and Symptoms febrility that can reach as high as 104F (40C)feeling achy, tired, or weak.constipation.diarrhea.headache.stomach pain and loss of appetite.sore throat.CausesTyphoid fever is an acute illness associated with fever caused by the Salmonella typhi bacteria. It can also be caused by Salmonella paratyphi, a related bacterium that usually causes a less severe illness. The bacteria are deposited in water or food by a human carrier and are then spread to other people in the area.PreventionPreventing typhoid fever is to get vaccinated against the illness. Twovaccines are available a cracking that contains killed Salmonella typhi bacteria and a vaccine taken by mouth containing a live but weakened strain of the bacteria. Avoiding risky foods and beverages (especially when traveling in the developing world) is another way to reduce your r isk.MUMPSSigns and SymptomsFever.Headache.Muscle aches.Tiredness.Loss of appetite.Swollen and tender salivary glands under the ears on one or both sides (parotitis)CausesThe mumps are caused by a virus called the paramyxovirus. Its spread from one child to another through direct contact with discharge from the nose and throat. Infected droplets in the air from a sneeze or close conversation can be inhaled and may cause infection.PreventionUse of mumps vaccine (usually administered in measles-mumps-rubella MMR or measles-mumps-rubella-varicella MMRV vaccines) is the best way to prevent mumps. Children should be given the first dose of mumpsvaccine soon later their first birthday (12 to 15 months of age).HepatitisSigns and Symptomsfatigue. grippe-like symptoms.dark urine.pale-colored stool.abdominal pain.loss of appetite.unexplained weight loss.yellow skin and eyes (may be signs of jaundice)CausesHepatitis can be caused by liver damage from excessive alcohol consumption. This is some times referred to as alcoholic hepatitis. The alcohol causes the liver to swell and become inflamed. Other toxic causesinclude overuse of medication or exposure to poisons.Autoimmune Disease.PreventionThe hepatitis A vaccine can prevent infection with the virus. The hepatitis A vaccine is typically given in two doses initial vaccination followed by a booster shot six months later. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the following individuals receive a hepatitis A vaccine MalariaSigns and SymptomsFever.Chills.Headache.Sweats.Fatigue.Nausea and vomiting.CausesMalaria is caused by the plasmodium parasite. The parasite can be spread to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes.PreventionMalaria can often be avoided using the ABCD approach to prevention which stands for Awareness of risk find out whether you are at risk of getting malaria. Bite prevention avoid mosquito bites by using insect repellent, covering your arms and legs and using a mosquito net. tink whether you need to take malaria prevention tablets if you do, make sure you take the right antimalarial tablets at the right dose, and finish the course. Diagnosis seek immediate medical advice if you have malaria symptoms, including up to a year after you return from travelling.Whooping CoughSigns and Symptomsrunny nose.sneezing.mild cough.low-grade fever.CausesWhooping cough is caused by an infection with a bacterium known as Bordetella pertussis. The bacteria attach to the lining of the airways in the upper respiratory system and release toxins that lead to inflammation and swelling.PreventionPreventing whooping cough. In the UK, whooping cough is now rare due to successful vaccination against it. The 5-in-1 vaccine. The whoopingcough vaccine is given as part of the 5-in-1 vaccine (DTaP/IPV/Hib), which also protects against diphtheria, tetanus, polio and Hib (haemophilus influenzae type b).DysenterySigns and Symptomsnausea.vomiting.abdominal pain.fever and chills.CausesBac terial infections are by far the most plebeian causes of dysentery. These infections include Shigella,Campylobacter, E. coli, and Salmonella species of bacteria.PreventionWashing ones hands after using the toilet, after contact with an infected person, and regularly throughout the day Washing ones hands before handling, cooking and eating food, handling babies, and feeding unripe or elderly people Keeping contact with someone known to have dysentery to a minimumTetanusSigns and SymptomsHeadache.Jaw cramping.Sudden, involuntary muscle change often in the stomach (muscle spasms) Painful muscle stiffness all over the body.Trouble swallowing.Jerking or staring (seizures)Fever and sweating.High subscriber line pressure and fast(a) heart rate.CausesTetanus is a condition caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, a cousin of the bacteria that cause gangrene and botulism.PreventionYou can easily prevent tetanus by being immunized against the toxin. Almost all cases of tetanus occur in people whove never been immunized or who havent had a tetanus booster shot within the preceding 10 years.FluSigns and SymptomsA 100oF or higher fever or feeling feverish (not everyone with the flu has a fever) A cough and/or sore throat.A runny or stuffy nose.Headaches and/or body aches.Chills.Fatigue.CausesThe flu is actually very different from a cold. While more than 100 different viruses can cause a cold, only influenza virus types A, B, and C cause theflu. Type A and B viruses are responsible for the large flu epidemics. Type C flu virus is more stable and usually causes milder respiratory symptoms.PreventionIf you are healthy but exposed to a person with the flu, antiviral drugs can prevent you from getting sick. The sooner you are treated with an antiviral, the more likely it will prevent the flu. Antiviral drugs are 70% to 90% effective at preventing the flu.enteric ParasiteSigns and SymptomsAbdominal pain.Diarrhea.Nausea or vomiting.Gas or bloating.Dysentery (loose stools containing blood and mucus)Rash or itching around the rectum or vulva.Stomach pain or tenderness.CausesIntestinal parasites are usually transmitted when someone comes in contact with infected feces (for example, through contaminated soil, food, or water). In the U.S., the most common protozoa are giardia and cryptosporidium. Parasites can live within the intestines for years without causing any symptoms.Common ColdSigns and SymptomsSore throat.Mucus buildup in your nose.Difficulty animate through your nose.Swelling of your sinuses.Sneezing.Cough.Headache.Tiredness.CausesThe common cold is a self-limited contagious illness that can be caused by a number of different types of viruses. The common cold is medically referred to as a viral upper respiratory tract infection. Symptoms of thecommon cold may include cough, sore throat, nasal congestion, runny nose, and sneezing.PreventionNo vaccine has been developed for the common cold, which can be cause d by many different viruses. But you can take some common-sense precautions to slow the spread of cold virusesPneumoniaSigns and SymptomsNausea/vomitingRapid breathing.Rapid heartbeat.Shaking chillsCausesBacteria-like organisms, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which typically produce milder signs and symptoms than do other types of pneumonia. Bacteria, such as streptococci pneumoniae.PreventionGet a flu shot every year to prevent seasonal influenza. The flu is a common cause of pneumonia, so preventing the flu is a good way to prevent pneumonia Get vaccinated against pneumococcal pneumonia if you are at highrisk of getting this type of pneumonia.HypertensionSigns and SymptomsCausesA stroke is an interruption of the blood supply to any part of the brain because a blood vessel is blocked by a clot or burst open. A stroke is sometimes called a brain attack.PreventionA heart-healthy lifestyle can help you prevent high blood pressure. These changes are especially important for people who have risk factors for high blood pressure that cannot be changed, including family history, race, or age.AnemiaSigns and SymptomsFatigue.Pale skin.A fast or irregular heartbeat.Shortness of breath.Chest pain.Dizziness.Cognitive problems.Cold hands and feet.CausesIron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by a shortage of the element iron in your body. Vitamin deficiency anemias. Anemia of chronic disease. Aplastic anemia. Anemias associated with bone marrow disease. Hemolytic anemias. Sickle cell anemia.PreventionMany types of anemia cant be prevented. However, you can help avoid iron deficiency anemia and vitamin deficiency anemias by choosing a diet that includes a variety of vitamins and nutrients asthma attackSigns and SymptomsFrequent cough, especially at night.Losing your breath easily or shortness of breath.Feeling very tired or weak when exercising.Wheezing or spit up after exercise.Feeling tired, easily upset, grouchy, or moody.Decreases or changes in lung function as measured on a peak flow meter.CausesAsthma motivates are different from person to person and can include Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, mold, cockroaches and dust mites. Respiratory infections, such as the common cold. bodily activity (exercise-induced asthma)Cold air.Air pollutants and irritants, such as smoke.PreventionYou need to know how to prevent or minimize future asthma attacks. If your asthma attacks are triggered by an allergic reaction, avoid your triggers as much as possible. Keep taking your asthma medications after you are discharged. This is extremely important.MigraineSigns and Symptomsa headache that lasts anything from four up to 72 hours.pulsating or throbbing pain, often just on one side of your head. a headache that gets worse when youre active or stops you from being active. feeling sick or vomiting.increased sensitivity to light and noise.CausesHormonal changes in women. Fluctuations in estrogen seem to trigger headaches in ma ny women with known migraines. Foods. Aged cheeses, salty foods and processed foods may trigger migraines. Food additives. Drinks. Stress. Sensory stimuli. Changes in wake-sleep pattern. Physical factors.PreventionNot all migraine headaches can be prevented. However, identifying your headache triggers can help to reduce the frequency and severity of migraine attacks.CardiovascularSigns and SymptomsChest pain (angina)Shortness of breath.Pain, numbness, flunk or coldness in your legs or arms, if the blood vessels in those parts of your body are narrowed.CausesAtherosclerosis is also the most common cause of cardiovasculardisease, and its often caused by an unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, being overweight and smoking. All of these are major risk factors for developing atherosclerosis and, in turn, cardiovascular disease.

Eqyptian Culture Essay

Ancient Egypt was a fascinating and complex place. Luckily for historians, Egyptians had made enceinte strides in record care which perplex made studying their culture and society easier than some previous historical eras. Ancient Egyptians were a people who were intensely religious, deeply divided by gender sections and a strong hierarchy, and quite advanced for their period in terms of their technological and economic innovations. Egyptians were deeply religious, and religion played a role in nearly all aspects of their daily lives. When the ancient Egyptians experienced periods of peace and prosperity, they attributed credit for the success to their deities (Slaughter, 5). The Egyptians experienced centuries of remarkable stability and considered this state to be the ma at, which was Egyptian for the natural tell (Slaughter, 5). Even though they considered good ordinance and balance in their society to be natural, it had to be protected by the pharaoh, who was considered to have been born mortal but imbued with godhood upon receipt of the throne, and was expected to be an earthly presence of the divine (Slaughter, 5). His religious standing gave the pharaoh a unique sub judice and commanding position in ancient Egyptian culture.The pharaoh was expected to defend the nation, take responsibility for all administrative duties, declare all of the laws, and own all of the demesne (Slaughter, 5). For practical reasons, much of the pharaohs responsibilities were delegated to a bureaucracy (Slaughter, 5). Within this bureaucracy, staffed mostly by workforce, success was measured by the degree to which a person promoted order and prosperity at bottom their stewardship (Slaughter, 5-6). Ancient Egypt had a strong social hierarchy, where a small group of the population, mostly the male elders, formed an elite class that that tightly controlled the rest of society (Slaughter, 7). This hierarchy was rooted in a wide variety of economic, political, religious an d social causes that imbued those in power with authority in more or less all areas of society (Slaughter, 7). The nature of most economic and commercial activity at the time created great wealth, power, and opportunities for elite men, while putting other men and all women in a position of submission to or dependence on the elite (Slaughter, 7). The division of labor that arose based at first on survival needs created societal attitudes about the roles, attributes, and abilities of men and women (Slaughter, 7).Men were the rulers and hard laborers, while women were the family caretakers (Slaughter, 7). The fertility and sexuality of a woman was her main contribution to Egyptian society, and these attributes were celebrated throughout the culture (Slaughter, 7). Women were expected to marry at 12 or 13 yrs of age, and to bear children often within the first form after marriage (Discussion, Ian Falconer). Although women were usually not part of the religious or political ruling el ite, they were highly respected for their fertility, and were given most of the same legal rights as men (Discussion, Keako Crill). In some rare instances, women actually did manage to rise to stations of power and privilege, sometimes as priestesses to a God within the pharaohs bureaucracy (Slaughter, 5), and in four instances, including the case of Hatshepsut, women actually became the supreme rulers of the land (Slaughter, 6). Ancient Egyptians achieved an impressive level of manufacturing and commercial capability for their time, which allowed them to achieve great strength and geopolitical dominance. Egyptians took advantage of many opportunities to learn, such as using the mummification process as a chance to learn about contour and medicine (Discussion, Katelyn Dreger).The Egyptians also developed a calendar with the same number of days as ours, though more closely tied to the seasons. Their calendar had triad seasons, each consisting of four 30 day months, and an extra fiv e days between harvest and planting that brought the total days in a year to 365 (Discussion, Tad Gale). This system allowed them to know when to plant and harvest based on the seasons of the year and the rise and fall of the water level in the Nile River in order to get maximum utilization of their vital lands. They also managed to develop a forerunner to our modern day beer by either fermenting water with cover crumbled into it, or by actually fermenting barley and wheat in a similar fashion to modern methods (Discussion, Tad Gale.)Their engineering feats were also impressive, and ranged from the expert prowess that showed itself in their massive pyramids, to the mastery of physics involved in developing advanced chariots that ran faster, quieter, and more stable than their counterparts created by their enemies (Discussion, Blair Vanderlugt). The nature of ancient Egyptian society was quite unique for its time period. Egyptian culture was distinct from neighboring nations, and E gyptians had many advantages that gave them an edge politically and commercially.

A Tale Of Two Cities vs. Beowulf Essay

When talking about renowned stories and strong characters in literature, there are two names that come up every time, A Tale of Two Cities and Beowulf. Both of these stories can be compared in many ways and in many ways they are extremely different with a few(prenominal) similarities. These stories were written centuries apart yet they are twain still notorious today. The diverse styles of writing in each of these tales show the different time periods. there are three similarities that I want to specifically discuss more about the protagonists characteristics, how they change, and how they end their lives with meaning. One of the differences between the two books is that the protagonists, Beowulf and Sydney Carton, are more parallel than most people would think. In Beowulf the main character is obviously Beowulf and he is a strong and resilient character that fights to help those who need it. In Beowulf it says he was, greater and stronger than anyone anywhere in this world. (lin es 109-111). Beowulf has to eat Grendel to spell the people of Denmark and lose many of his own men along the way.He does eventually kill Grendel and then Grendels Mother to save the people. But Beowulf longed only for fame, leaped back into battle (lines 502-504) this shows Beowulfs heart to finish what he started. He never gave up no matter how difficult it was to continue after his men were killed or no matter how hard it was to fight the monsters. Sydney Carton on the other overstep first appears as a lazy, alcoholic attorney who cannot muster even the smallest amount of interest in his own life. He describes his existence as a supreme waste of life and takes every opportunity to declare that he cares for nothing and no one. Carton by the end of story changes immensely and becomes a better man. Now Carton isnt strong resilient like Beowulf but he is courageous and he gives up his own life to save his friends life, Charles Darney. Darney is married to lucie, who Carton loves, but Carton still saves him from the guillotine because he wants to give his life some meaning. Another difference is that both main characters change so much by the end ofthe stories.When Beowulf is called on by King Hrothgar of Denmark to come save him and his people from Grendel he goes right off and shows his strength by defeating Grendel so the people of Denmark would not be bothered by him anymore. This is how Beowulf wounded Grendel, He twisted in pain, and the bleeding sinews deep in his shoulder, snapped, muscle and bone split and broke. The battle was over, Beowulf had been granted new glory (lines 389-393). Beowulf dies in the story so he changes a lot, but his story lived on, as he became a legend. As stated before Sydney Carton remarkably changes from this man who has no meaning in life to someone who is respected and finds fulfilment in existence. Carton changes from the moment he meets Lucie Manette, a French woman who grew up in England.Before Carton changed he was described as a Jackal throughout the story. Sydney, said Stryver, on that self-same night, or morning, to his jackal mix another bowl of punch I have something to say to you(page 143). The third semblance between these stories is that they both end with these protagonists ending their lives with meaning. In Beowulf, after his tough fighting, he defeats the monsters in Denmark and saves the people, he eventually becomes the king of his home country, Geatland, when the king dies. By the end of A Tale of Two Cities Sydney Carton has changed enormously and ends his life with meaning. Carton takes Darneys place at the guillotine and is killed for a crime he never committed, not exactly fair or just but that is how he wanted it. Quickly, but with hands as true to the purpose as his heart was, Carton dressed himself in the clothes the prisoner had laid aside, combed back his hair, and tied it with a ribbon the prisoner had worn(page 372). aft(prenominal) this he died at the guillotine kn owing he had meaning in his life. In both of these fascinating stories we see how they similar they actually are. Beowulf acted on his feelings and was respected for it and Carton was someone who was looked down upon but changes his ways. These books are both well cognize throughout all of literature but for different reasons. Beowulf is well known for its language and diction and A Tale of Two Cities is known for its meticulous plot and scrupulous thought. As long as these stories are compared and talked about, these two tales volition always be thought of as two of the best.

Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Essay

AbstractThis is a case conceptualization of a lymph node referred to a Residential Treatment speediness by Family Court for treatment and military rank of intellectual, academic, and behavioral performance. The client presents with several issues. In the client interview, the counsel hypothesizes that client has difficulty with anger, aggression, and low frustration tolerance. The clients current behaviors are alter his home and educational environments. The clients wee experiences provide be explored only as it relates to current behavior and beliefs.During the therapeutic process, the client and the counselor leave behind explore his inability to suffice holdly when frustrations occur. Exploration would include disputing ir intellectual thoughts and beliefs, and exercising more appropriate positive replacement behaviors. This case conceptualization pull up stakes create a hypothesis of the clients vulturine behavior. Using Rational Emotive behaviour Therapy framework, the counselor will explore the clients issues and create a treatment plan with goals that pertain to the clients presenting issues. This conceptualization will as well include support that will show the benefits the client should gain with application of this theory.Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Case Conceptualization of MichaelMichael is a 14-year-old African American male. He has been referred to a Residential Treatment Facility (RTF) for an evaluation of intellectual, academic, and behavioral assessment. While in the treatment facility, Michael must undergo therapy to address his presenting problems. Michael presents himself as a very well dressed and engaged boylike man. Despite the fact that he is court-ordered to be in a treatment facility for an undetermined length of time, he was cooperative during the interview. During the interview, the counselor speaks with Michael and his adoptive family astir(predicate) the details of the court documents, the responsibility of th e client (Michael) and the facility. The counselor, Michael, and the adoptive parents make water completed the in riposte process and the time was scheduled for his first session.Biological and Environmental FactorsMichaels biological parents are reported to have been heavily addicted to drugs and alcohol. His produce reportedly ab utilization of goods and servicesd multiple prescription drugs and cocaine during her pregnancies. It is also reported that the m otherwise was Schizophrenic. Both parents have lengthy criminal records. Michael did not experience a nurturing environment. At age four, Michael and his younger brother were removed from the biological parents by tyke protective services. The brothers were placed in separate foster homes. Michael has had four foster care placements in two years prior to going to his adoptive parents. During his placements, it is pretend that Michael experienced neglect and sexual ab make use of.His maternal aunt and her husband adopted Mi chael. They also adopted his younger brother. They have two biological children. Michael did not line up well to the new environment. He became more aggressive and exhibited hoarding behaviors. By age seven, he had been placed in a psychiatric hospital and other RTFs to receive treatment. Michael and his adoptive parents have sought counseling services through their church and local mental health agencies. Michael had been diagnosed with Reactive Attachment Disorder, ADHD, and ODD. He has worthless sleep patterns and is on several medications that have little effect. Michael has self-harmed for attention, but denied suicidal thoughts. Michael has a history of tearing and aggressive behaviors in school and home. Michael has very tripping and superficial relationships with peers.Case ConceptualizationMichaels presenting issues and previous history is suit adequate for Rational Emotive Behavior (REBT). REBT focuses on environmental and biological factors that affect rational thought and emotional behavior (Murdock, 2009). Michaels early history will offer insight in evaluating his current behavior, but otherwise have no relevant bearing on Michaels treatment plan.Michael often experiences events that sire him to react in a negative manner toward his peers and relatives. The counselor theorizes that Michaels early exposure to violence, unst suitable home environment, and inconsistent relationships may have contributed to his inability to rationalize his experiences. These outbursts have increasingly become more uncivilized. One incident resulted in Michael choking another resident at a previous RTF placement. Michael states that he often felt up agitated prior to his outburst. Later, he would be confused, sad, and even angrier that he lost control (secondary disturbance).In session, the counselor listens for the ABCs of the REBT therapy framework. Michael rehearses several events that occur prior to his outbursts and violent attacks (Consequence) (2009), th e counselor notes that Michael often feels that people are trying to besot over on him or messin with him (Antecedent behavior, ludicrous thought, faulty sentiment) (2009). Michael voiced that people should just leave him alone (faulty belief) (2009). Michael perceives his peers think he is stupid ( ill-advised thought) (2009). When asked why he thinks this, Michael responds, Maybe I am. I always get the questions wrong in class when the teacher calls on me (faulty belief) (2009). Michaels demands self-demandingness, others demandingness and world demandingness (2009) are not cosmos met, therefore creating a psychological and emotional disturbance for Michael (2010). The counselor also hypothesizes that Michael has low frustration tolerance (LFT) (2010) with peers who he perceives do not treat him passably or give in to his demands (other demandingness) (2009).Michael rehearsed that in the classroom the teacher never listens to him. She always tries to embarrass him in front of the class. Michael often stated that the teacher a great deal called on him to prove he was dumb (awfulizing) (2009). Michael perceived the classroom environment was unfair and intolerable and hated going to school (maladaptive thought) (2009) because all the teachers hate him. Michael felt that he should be left alone, especially when he was not bothering anyone (world demandingness) (2009). The result was to defend himself through acting out, aggression, or defiance. Michael believed that he needed to be aggressive to prove his peers, teachers, and family members wrong, which led to further frustration. Michael explained that behavior made him feel like he was not good enough for people (self-demandingness) (2009).The counselor hypothesized that Michael is relying on irrational thinking to draw irrational conclusions (2009) which lead to irrational behavior. Michaels negative thinking and behaviors influenced his home life. Michael describes that he upsets his adoptive mother wh en he fights ( spring) (2009) and that he will never be able to make her happy (irrational thinking) (2009). Michael believes this makes him a bad person on the inside (faulty belief) (2009). This belief makes him angry and irritated (secondary disturbance) (2009), which causes him to become violent toward his younger siblings ( present moment) (2009).Treatment Goals and PlanMichaels goals toward survival and happiness (2009) are thwarted by his irrational thoughts and absolutions (Harrington, 2007) that life should be easy and painless (2007). Michael becomes frustrated with events at school and home frequently when he does not get what he hopes. The counselor understands that frustration with particular events in itself is not the cause of the violent outburst, but is the result of wrong views of the event (2007). Michael has an additional belief his reality must conform to his wishes. When this fails to occur, intolaration results (faulty belief). Hence, this creates the violen t outburst (consequence). In other words, frustration fanaticism arises, because the wish for a different reality collided with the demand for it (Harrington, 2011).Michaels therapeutic goals will include teaching him the three unconditionals of acceptance (Barry, 2009) 1. Unconditional self-acceptance-I am not a bad person. I can make good choices, even if it does not always turn out right. 2. Unconditional acceptance of others- Everyone does not have to like my ideas or me, they can have each have our own opinion. People will not always treat me the way I want to be treated. This does not mean they want to harm me or do not care for me. 3. Unconditional life acceptance-Life is not fair. I can take the good with the bad. I can choose to enjoy the moment. I cannot control every circumstance, but I can control my reaction and thoughts toward it.Michael will also be taught to do a behavioral assessment (2009) of his thoughts and beliefs during the course of his treatment. This will in clude the use of a journal ( in the midst of session homework) (2009) to track antecedent events, his emotional state prior to the event (calm, engaged) and immediately following (irritated, angry, and sad), and his beliefs toward the given circumstance.The counselor will actively model appropriate behaviors when frustrating moments occur in counseling. The counselor will use exaggerated behavior (2009) to demonstrate Michaels behavior (sudden outbursts/aggression) when frustrating events occur. It is the hope of the counselor that Michael will see that his behavior can be considered extreme. Michael may even see some humor in the extremity of his outbursts in minor occurrences. The counselor will be direct with Michael in border (2009), an its-not-about-you/me stance in session. Michael will be consistently confronted during sessions with questions that will challenge him to consider when this attitude begins to surface (Shanahan, et. al. 2010). The counselor will model humor (200 9) when appropriate to demonstrate when Michaels irrational thoughts grow beyond reason.The use of coping skills can dispute irrational thoughts (self-talk, humor, relaxation techniques) (Harrington, 2011) and create a self-monitoring tool for Michael between sessions. The counselor will actively dispute irrational thoughts during the session using philosophical interpretationdemonstrating this is interrupting his goal to be happy, empirical proveasking for evidence that supports his belief or offering evidence that counteracts his belief, logic, and functionalhelping him evaluate always and never statement (2009) relationships between the perceived disturbance and the reality of the unconditional. Behavior strategies can also be implemented.Michael should learn behavior (violence and outbursts) management through 1. Reward (engaging in a pleasurable activity after enduring an ill-fitting/frustrating circumstance), and penalty (restriction of pleasurable activity) (2009). 2. The u se of imagery of frustrating or uncomfortable situations, and unhealthy negative emotions (and behaviors) to reframe and rehearse rational beliefs and responses (Harrington, 2011).The counselor will use multiple resources (music, TV, and movies) and actual events for scenarios (Harrington, 2011). 3. Coping mechanisms (2011) will also be implemented when frustration arises. This will include relaxation techniques (2009) and removing Michael from the frustrating situation until he is able to respond appropriately. Eventually, Michael should be able to endure an uncomfortable circumstance (2011) without having to leave to regain composure. In summation, throughout the course of Michaels sessions, he should be able to recognize irrational thoughts and dispute them immediately. Even when challenged with frustration, Michael should be able to evaluate the reality (reframing) (2009) of the circumstance and respond appropriately.ConclusionThe counselor concluded that REBT is appropriate to use in this counseling scenario. REBT addresses thoughts and beliefs of an individual. These thoughts and beliefs create the behavior response. When an individual has irrational thoughts motivated by faulty beliefs, it is typically followed by a negative response. The counselors goal is to teach the client to evaluate irrational thoughts and faulty beliefs concerning the antecedent event in order to create a more appropriate consequence (response). Michaels core faulty beliefs are found in the three unconditionals. Michael feels he is entitled (Fives, et al. 2010) to fair treatment and getting his way.Michael believed that when this entitlement was not fulfilled, it was appropriate to respond with aggression (2010). This response (consequence) created a cyclical event antecedent event (fight/defiance)irrational thought (my teacher is trying to embarrass me or hes trying to intimidate me) faulty belief (that teacher should leave me alone/ I will not be intimidated). After the fight/ defiance, Michael often feels guilty, sad, or more frustrated (secondary disturbance) because he is a failure and cannot get it right (which disappoints his adoptive mother).As a result, Michael experiences more frustration and anger. Using REBT, the counselor hopes to effectively teach Michael to dispute his negative/irrational thoughts and faulty beliefs. Therefore, this will reduce frustration intolerance and create a more appropriate consequence to the antecedent event. REBT is logical, workable, and teaches the client realistic skills to cope with lifes circumstances (Minor, 2007). In cases like Michaels, REBT is effective with including the family in the framework of the therapy (Bernard and DiGiuseppe, 2006). Michaels adoptive parents will be taught to identify his (and even their own) irrational thoughts and faulty beliefs and the behavioral relationship. This equips them with knowledge needed to address the behavior.Most importantly, it helps with the long-term success of the child client in naming and appropriate response of frustrating circumstances (Fives, et al., 2010). REBT does not focus on the person, but the behaviors the person demonstrates (Levinson, 2006). This approach will be beneficial to Michael because his faulty thinking and irrational thoughts have been attached to his personhood. He perceives himself as bad and inadequate (Jones, et al, 2011). REBT should teach Michael it is not he or the event, but the thoughts about the event (Ellis) that cause his issues. This should encourage Michael to evaluate his thought and belief patterns frequently.REBT utilizes psychology, examining how thoughts cause emotional disturbance. Philosophically, REBT suggests that life views influence emotions. Lastly, REBT incorporates education that should provide Michael with the necessary tools to manage his thoughts, beliefs, and responses to frustrating events (Banks and Zionts, 2008).This will be an on-going process for Michael. Michael will experienc e success and failure throughout the application of REBT. The counselor will be diligent in explaining this reality to Michael. The counselor will reiterate this is a part of the three unconditionals. Michael will experience the reward of recognizing the ABCDEs of REBT. Michael should understand the final stage of REBT is effectively (the E) (2010) disputing (the D) irrational thoughts toward the event, therefore, causing an appropriate response. Michael will learn when he is not successful, he can accept it and the consequences without becoming aggressive.ReferencesBanks, T., & Zionts, P. (2009). REBT Used with Children and Adolescentswho have Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in Educational Settings A Review of the Literature. Journal of Rational Emotive Cognitive-Behavior Therapy , 51-65. Bernard, M. E., & Diguiseppe, R. (2006). REBT assesstment and treatment with children. Rational Emotive Behaviors approaches to childhood disorders, theory, and practice , 85-113. Fives, C. J., Kong, G., Fuller, J. R., & DiGuiseppe, R. (2010). Anger, Aggression, and Irrational Beliefs in Adolescents. Cognitive scheme Research , 199-208. Harrington, ,. N. (2007). Frustration intolerance as a multidimentional concept. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy , 191-211. Levinson, M. (2006). Anger management and violence prevention A holistic solution. et Cetera 187-199. Minor, J. (2007). Why I use REBT in my private practice and personal life. et Cetera , 320-323. Murdock, N. (2009). Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson. Shanahan, S., Jones, J., & Thomas-Peter, B. (2010). Are you looking at me, or am I? Anger, aggression, confound and self-worth in violent individuals. Journal of Rational Emotive Cognitive Behavior Therapy , 77-91.

Chinese vs American Culture

Sarah Gonzalez Chinese subtlety VS American Culture It doesnt matter what kind of ethnicity you are, or how you were brought up. Everyone is deeply rooted in their own finish. Culture has a different meaning to everyone. Comparing American culture to Chinese culture we impart find many different meanings to the word culture. For example, we Americans are always looking for something bigger and better for our future, and the Chinese are content with a small reserved lifestyle with no intentions of changing it for something bigger.A culture is a way of life of a group of people-the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, generally with unwrap thinking about them, and are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next. suppuration up in America we are taught to never settle for less, that we can do anything that we set our minds too, and when we grow up we can be anyone we want to be. later all we are the home of the brave and the lan d of the free, right? The Chinese are more set on if you are a daughter you are too be the homemaker, and the men are too make the money doing physical labor.The story I resolving power to Elaine concluded it all utterly to me. She continued to sign Fathers name. I threatened legal action Thats forgery Its not your name. Example from I Answer to Elaine This shows that the Chinese believe that the men are dominate, head of the household, the only say so. In the American home mom and dad obligate a share liability for the children and both set of parents go out into the work force. A deep frustration set in. I was sickened by her statements price reduction for my future.I hated helplessness, believing it unique to her alone Example from I Answer to Elaine. I feel like Elaine is frustrated with her mom because she knows because of her gender her mom doesnt search mush out of her other than to be a care giver. This has to be confusing to Elaine when she sees all over her American friends dreaming about their big futures and what they will do. Elaine should be able to grow bigger than just a housewife. Believe it or not, but American and Chinese culture do generate somethings in common. They see eye-to-eye on some aspects.Like providing for their children Parents work together for the well-being of their children Example from Article. It is true that parents do the best they can to work towards a better pecuniary life for their kids. Thats why many Chinese parents come over to the states, so that they can provide a better life, and a better education. They would in like manner go to great lengths for their children no matter what the cause Parents will risk their life for their children Example from Article. Any parent would risk their life for their children no matter what ethnicity, or cultural aspectThere is no bond like a parent and their child. Chinese and American culture has a lot more differences than similarities. To the Chinese reputation of the individual is very important. If an action will humiliate someone or ruin a reputation, it is avoided. When shame occurs, the person sacrifices their job or whatever it is that will heal the shame. In America, reputations come and go overnight and in the end usually does not matter. Go to an American home in exurbia, and some the first thing you do is drift towards the picture window Example from American space, Chinese Place.It is true that we Americans always want something more than what we have in front of us. We are always looking forward to the big picture of our future. Consider the traditional Chinese home. Blank walls enclose it Example from American Space, Chinese Place. The Chinese are very content with what they have, and have no intensions of a bigger picture. They clutches what they have close to them. All in all, I think we can see the difference and the similarities between the two cultures. The Chinese are set on their morals.One is to respect all others, the me n is the runner of the household, and keep your opinion to yourself. Americans dont always follow the rules. When we dont agree with something we are going to speak out about it, and give them out opinion. In the households sometimes there is a man of the house, and sometimes its a single mother running the house. I think the Chinese have a better wrap around the meaning of culture they stick to what they believe, and it stays that way for years. Rather than Americans missing the meaning of culture and worrying about what the future has to hold for them.

The next types are breakwaters

There are a variety of techniques and efforts used to stabilize shorelines end-to-end the world and some are temporary and some are permanent. Structures built to protect a coast from erosion or to prevent the movement of lynchpin along a coast are known as hard stabilization (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 2008).There are three common types of hard stabilization which are considered to be permanent techniques. The first types of hard stabilization are called groins. A groin is a barrier built at a right angle to the beach to trap sand that is moving parallel to the shore.The next types are breakwaters, which are structures designed to protect watercraft from the force of large breaking waves by creating a quiet water zone near the shore. The third type is a seawall. Seawalls are just that walls built parallel to the shore to protect the coast and blank space from the force of breaking waves.Hard stabilization is usually very effective and a lot of the time too effective. Groins tend to s and-starve the longshore, breakwaters may allow sand to pick up behind the structure due to reduced wave activity and seawalls causes the beach seaward side to experience significant erosion.Alternatives to hard stabilization are beach nourishment and relocation. Beach nourishment is replacing sand on beaches, however the downside to this is that is does not last and is expensive. Relocation is relocating storm damaged buildings and buildings at high risk, olibanum allowing nature to reclaim the beach. The downside to this is that people do not want to give up their ocean front property. (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 2008)I do not believe that urbanization and ontogenesis of coastal area always contribute to shoreline erosion because people want to protect their property from erosion therefore doing what they can to prevent erosion. However, I too believe that sometimes people end up doing more harm than good with their methods used to prevent shoreline erosion from happening.ReferencesL utgens, F. and Tarbuck, E. (2008). Foundations of Earth Science Fifth Edition. Pearson assimilator Hall.

Civil War and Reconstruction

The the States we know today is a very different place than the America this country once knew during the reconstruction period. In todays society everybody has equal rights and opportunities to do as they please. People today incur a right to do basically boththing there heart desires, precisely years ago it was a different story. African Americans didnt have galore(postnominal) rights at all. The people and groups involved in reconstruction had many different ideas for starkdom and equality. In 1861 the Civil fight broke kayoed and became and on vent battle for the next four years.At the end of the war 600,000 people were dead and four one thousand thousand slaves were freed. aft(prenominal) the war Abraham Lincolns plan for Reconstruction began. With this plan Lincolns master(prenominal) goal was to bring the North and S unwraph together and bring the South back into the Union. The Civil War ended in 1865 and that equal year on April 15th Lincoln was assassinated. Aft er Lincolns death the 13th amendment was ratified on December 6th 1865. This amendment abolished slavery in the United States, but at the same term it still didnt make it easy for African Americans to succeed in America.This struggle for African Americans was told in an question of Felix Haywood a former slave from San Antonio, Texas. The slaves at that time believed that when they became free that they would become wealthier than the white people and all their worries would disappear. We thought we was going to be richer than the white folks, cause we was stronger and knowed how to work, and the whites didnt, and they didnt have us to work with them anymore. But it didnt turn out that way. We in short found out that emancipation could make folks proud, but it didnt make em rich. 1 An new(prenominal) interview with Warren McKinney a former slave from Hazen, Arkansas McKinney explains how tough it was for his people to cope with freedom. The government gave out rations there. My ma washed and ironed. People died in piles. I dont know till tho what was the matter. They s financial aid it was the change of living. 2 African Americans were now free from slavery, but in a spirit it was even tougher for them to survive because they were on there own. They had no money for food or a house, no education, and there were many restrictions on what African Americans could do.Many White people during Reconstruction had intentions of controlling and constraining African Americans. In many southern states black codes were enforced. These codes did just that. The Louisiana black codes Section 8 No freedman shall sell, barter, or exchange any articles of merchandise or traffic at bottom the limits of Opelousas without peculiar(a) permission of his employer, in writing, and approved by the mayor or president of the board. 3 It was almost care Louisiana and several other southern states with black codes treated African American people same(p) children.Another exampl e of a black code, Section 3 No negro or freedman shall be permitted to rent or nutrition a house within the limits of the town under any circumstances, and any one thus offending shall be ejected and compelled to find an employer or leave the town within twenty four hours. 4 Anytime African Americans wanted to do something they always needed permission from the mayor or president of the board. The White people wanted to seclude them from white society, but at the same time still wanted to control there every move.Whether it was the location of where they wanted to buy a house, or the time and reason in which they were in the local town, there were always restrictions and severe punishments. After Lincolns assassination Andrew Johnson was appointed president. Johnson was a former democrat turned republican. He was natural in the northern part of Tennessee. Growing up he was poor and didnt get a great education so he could barley read or write. He was a antiblack tailor who hated rich people. While in office Johnsons main intention was to keep black people oppressed.His Restoration plan pardons restored property, granted pardons to rich and confederate officials, gave no provisions or protections for freedmen, and the southern whites started voting again and gained control of local governments. Johnson would do anything to keep the blacks down, he vetoed the Civil Rights fare which gave African Americans citizenship and guarantee of equal rights. He then vetoed the Freemens Bureau which wanted to provide aid to African Americans who needed medicine, food, housing, and a right to an education. At this time the pedestal Republicans had enough and in 1866 became the absolute majority in Congress.The Congress eventually overrides Johnsons vetos. The Radicals wanted equality for the black people and in 1867 Radical Reconstruction began. Congressman Thaddeus Stevens states everyman, no matter what his race or color every earthly beingness who has an immortal s oul, has an equal right to justice, honesty, and fair play with every other man and the law should ensure him those rights. 1 Stevens is basically saying all men are created equally, but at the same time he also suggests that it is up to the white man to decide for himself whether or not to associate himself with African Americans and it isnt in the hands of the law.After Stevens doctrine in 1867 the Radicals had control of Congress and they were soon able to impeach President Johnson. Being that Johnson was impeached and the Radical Republicans were the majority in Congress it still didnt seem like the future was any brighter for African Americans. Wide spread Anti-Black violence began. Groups like the Ku Klux Klan formed. They began kill blacks, raping their women, burning down there schools and churches. Elias Hill, an African American man, recounts a nighttime visit from the Ku Klux Klan in 1871. He had a horsewhip, and he told me to pull up my shirt, and he hit me.He told me at every lick, acquire up your shirt. I made a moan every time he cut with the horsewhip. I reckon he struck me eight cuts right on the hip bone. 1 For Elias the KKK was always a threat to him and his family, just as they were to all African Americans. The people and groups involved in Reconstruction had many different ideas for freedom and equality. on that point were presidents like Lincoln who wanted to help African Americans and on the other hand there was Johnson who wanted nothing more then to keep them as slaves and did everything in his top executive to keep it that way.Then there were political parties like the Radical Republicans who also wanted to see threw with slavery and lend aid to African Americans and then you had organizations like the KKK causing extreme violent acts towards African Americans. There is no question that the Reconstruction period was a chaotic time where people had to struggle with freedom and equality and today in the United States of America p eople might be free, but I still think that there are some forms of inequality.